Regeneration EQ4 Flashcards

Question

Overview of Cornwall as a rural location:

Answer 1

- In 2011, Cornwall had England’s lowest full-time average earnings, which at £25,155 per year were just 77% of the UK average. - However, Cornwall Council believes that the average income figure is even lower when part-time workers are included. It claims that £21,993 is the real average (lots of seasonal workers in Cornwall). - 20% of Cornwall’s working-age population earns less than the living wage (£7.45 per hour in 2015).

Answer 2

- Located in a remote rural area so isn’t well connected (a 5-hour drive to London), is a long way from core markers and job opportunities, not ideal for TNCs far from the UK’s core economic area of London- where most economic activity takes place. - Used to be important for fishing and agriculture, was in need in higher-paid industries. - Brain drain due to the lack of connectivity and lack of good jobs and so young people may want to migrate. - NME, conflicts who like rural areas for peace and tranquillity, increasing second home ownership creating less affordable housing for locals. - 20% of Cornwall’s working-age population earns less than a living wage.

Answer 3

- Low average incomes are typical of large bands of rural Britain. - They have a lower population density - unable to maintain sufficient customers to make a profit - Lack of rural investment leads to a lack of opportunity and high-income employment. - Private investors prefer to invest in urban areas rather than rural areas.

Answer 4

European Union: - Initiated Objective One which has helped to boost the economy and created a range of opportunities for many people. - Granted funding to areas with a GDP that is 75% of the EU average, and is therefore lagging behind. National Lottery Funding: Implemented encouraging slogans such as “young people first” and “pathways to work”. - Funded the Eden Project. The Millennium Commission also has £37.5 million moving the total amount to £56 million Private Individuals: - Rick Stein opened up a fish restaurant in the declining seaside town of Padstow Business interests - Cornwall Tourist Board promotes and manages Cornwall as a tourist attraction - Cornwall Farmers Ltd are a county-wide rural goods retailer - BT supplying superfast broadband to the area The South West Development Agency - Use the government’s money to stimulate and regenerate the economy - Environmental stakeholders, Cornwall’s biggest asset is its scenery and environment, the national trust, royal horticultural society and English heritage all own large areas of land (national trust involved) - National government was responsible for Cornwall’s enterprise status in 2014 which arguably attracted investment. They also provided funds and a framework to local government.

Answer 5

- People vs local council and youth vs elders. - The younger generation wants the area regenerated to have things like large shopping centres, clubs and affordable housing which would give them a reason to stay, preventing a brain drain. Elders want the area to stay quiet and feel more like a community, maintaining traditional features. - Increased investment from gov could lead to conflict with local businesses who are in the tourism and primary sector as there are now more established companies which can outcompete local entrepreneurs, making them less supportive of the regeneration.

Answer 6

- Watergate bay, Newquay - Combined universities in Cornwall - Wave hub - Super fast broadband - Eden project

Answer 7

Targets a young adult age group. It offers courses in surfing, wave skiing and kite surfing. Employs 50-60 people. Next door is a Jamie Oliver restaurant that trains local young people in catering from disadvantaged backgrounds. Open all year round. Jamies 15 owned restaurant trains local disadvantaged young people aged 16-24 in catering. Professional chefs support young people as they work in kitchens/restaurants and train at Cornwall College. Profits from the restaurant fund for training and development. This closed in 2019 put 100 jobs at risk.

Answer 8

Increase the available range of courses and develop and knowledge economy in Cornwall, Falmouth uni and Exeter. Helps graduates set up their own businesses, or secure a job and expand the knowledge community. University of Exeter and Falmouth have combined to create the Universities in Cornwall (CUC). This aims to attract graduates and therefore businesses, reducing the ‘brain-drain’ effect that is occurring

Answer 9

The Wave Hub is a floating offshore wind and wave power research project. The project is developed approximately 10 miles (16 km) off Hayle, on the north coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. The hub was installed on the seabed in September 2010, [1] and is a ‘socket’ sitting on the seabed for wave energy converters to be plugged into. It will have connections to it from arrays of up to four kinds of the wave energy converter. A cable from the hub to the mainland will take electrical power from the devices to the electric grid. The total capacity of the hub will be 20 MWe. The estimated cost of the project is £28 million. Will create 170 jobs. Generating 15% of the region power from renewable sources by 2010.

Answer 10

Consists of two large conservatories which exhibit the world’s major plant types as well as an education centre about sustainable care and living. Used to be a former china clay quarry. + Received £56 million from the national lottery. + Attracted 13 million visitors. + Generated £1.1bn for the Cornish economy. + Employed 650 people directly. + Food served there is from local farmers. - The increased difficulty of full-time recruitment by 7%. - Traffic has increased in the surrounding areas. - Jobs are short-term due to the seasonality of tourism. - Clashes between tourists and locals.

Answer 11

- Cornwall’s ‘old economy’ consisting of agriculture and fishing which was mainly primary sector jobs has declined with its biggest industry being tourism (tertiary sector) due to long coastlines, history and the Eden project (79% of the workforce is tertiary, many in tourism which are low paid and seasonal). - Job opportunities have become widely available to youths. These new jobs open doors to them like moving to new locations. This would encourage students to study harder to live with a good QOL. - Combined universities in Cornwall were made by the joining of two universities, these offer degree courses and help graduates to set up their own businesses, preventing the brain drain. - Farm Diversification- many farm shops in Cornwall now sell homemade pasties, Cornish cheese, hand-made ice cream and award-winning beers and wines. - Outdoor Pursuits- surfing, rock climbing and para-surfing are just some of the activities attracting tourism to Cornwall.

Answer 12

- Wave hub is a wave-power research project installed on the seabed in 2010, the project will earn £76 million over 25 years for Cornwall’s economy, creating 170 jobs. - Emerged as an aero hub whereby a partnership was formed between council and private sector investors who aim to begin a process of diversifying the economy away from just tourism, this has led to the clustering and agglomeration of aircraft-related industries, increasing innovation. Their regeneration has been mainly based around the Eden project where within the first 5 years of opening it contributed £700 million to the local economy and overall £1.6 billion. - Enterprise zones have attracted a variety of industry investments leading to clustering and agglomeration. This has benefitted the local economy by sparking Murdle’s model of cumulative causation.

Answer 13

Increased accessibility and higher population density have led to environmental repercussions such as increased noise and pollution. - It has also aesthetically disrupted areas of previously untouched greenbelt land.

Answer 14

- YES: by 2016, over 95% of Cornwall had access to fibre broadband (the first county to have this). Cornwall now has the world’s largest rural fibre network. This encourages businesses, particularly knowledge-economy companies, 2000 jobs created, with an economic impact of around €200 million per year - NO: the aerospace business park did not actually bring in that many new jobs, by 2015 little new investment had come into Cornwall’s new aero hub. - YES: More educated and qualified workforce in the area which has increased local tax revenue has led to more social spending and therefore improved quality of services (e.g. healthcare and education) for local residents. YES: Combined universities in Cornwall were made by the joining of two universities, these offer degree courses and help graduates to set up their own businesses, preventing the brain drain - NO: despite a form of studentification in Cornwall creating a thriving nightlife, it has shifted away from the previous perception of Cornwall as a calm rural environment. For the elderly, it means services are no longer tailored toward their needs. Also, students often are quite transient and therefore less engaged in the area. This reduces the sense of community and means that in certain areas the threshold pop may not be met.

Answer 15

- YES: the student economy from the combined university has resulted in a healthy property rental market and a thriving evening economy of bars and restaurants. - YES: if one was to judge the success through tourism, within the first 5 years of the Eden Project opening it contributed £700 million to the Cornish economy, future plans to build another Eden centre in china 4 times the size, led to the improved QOL of the local community and cumulative causation. - YES: by 2007, objective one had backed 580 projects in Cornwall with £230 million. This attracts investment and TNCs into the area, spurring Murdle’s model of cumulative causation. Until 2005, the Cornish economy grew faster (at 5.8%) than the UK average (5.4%) and had the fastest growth rate of any EU region. - NO: in 2014, Cornwall council obtained enterprise zone status for Newquay aerospace business park, to diversify its economy away from the dependence on tourism, this hoped to make 700 high-paid permanent jobs, but by the end of 2015 only 450 jobs were made, and many of which weren’t actually new. - NO: Cornwall’s enterprise status means the region has to compete with other areas to qualify for government assistance. This has led to many compromises and concessions perhaps limiting the scale of success.

Answer 16

- YES: Aesthetic appeal of the area also increased as unpleasant brownfield sites were utilised. This has allowed an economic multiplier effect which corresponds to Butler’s model of tourism. - NO: the majority of jobs brought by tourism are seasonal, and weather-dependant, Newquay airport reflects Cornwall’s biggest economic problem- it lacks a year-round economy. - NO: Although the Eden project offered discounted rates for arriving by public transport or car sharing, they found that 97% of visitors actually drove to the site, increasing noise and air pollution, also led to more litter and therefore environmental damage. - NO: increased accessibility and a focus on aircraft-related industries have led to a proportionate rise in emissions and therefore air pollution in the area. This can have repercussions towards climate change but also respiratory problems.

Answer 17

- Decrease in crime rate - Less homeless - Increased tourism - Younger population, demographic change - Reduction in inequalities

Answer 18

- Higher GDP - Less on benefits - Increased TNC’s, investors, higher sectors, agglomeration and clustering

Answer 19

- Transformation of derelict brownfield sites, Stratford dredging the river, planting trees, offices. - Investment from TNCs, transport links (Stratford with the Olympics, less congestion, less air pollution), investment in services, gentrification (cafe culture). - Higher attachment means people will do less vandalism and graffiti, if the community are involved in regeneration they feel pride in their area. e.g. Stanford, 6000 new Boris bikes, 8.6% pollution don

Answer 20

- Kielder is a very remote village in Northumberland with, a large coniferous plantation built and an 11km long reservoir built in 1975, suffering from low levels of tourism as few people visit regularly - Northeast England faced a decline in the primary sector, due to mechanisation meaning jobs that were occupied were now being completed by machinery. - The location is near Sheffield, a previous steel-making town meaning the area is very deprived as the industry went into decline. - At the beginning of the 2000s, Kielder’s landlord had in effect put much of the village up for sale and many were advertised at a London auction under the headline ‘woodland villagers losing the fight for survival. - Houses in Kielder forest were being auctioned for guide prices of between £13,000 and £18,000. - Transport was a big problem, car owners had to take a 35-mile round trip for fuel to Bellingham further down the valley.

Answer 21

- The government, gave a £500,000 grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. - Private and business investments were made, and 200 people are employed in the area. - The local Tynedale council helped create a business plan. - Volunteers work with the ranger team and other activities. - Local/national government which is projected to raise £40 million in funding over the next 10 years. - Kielder Water and Forest Park Development Trust -> involved with engaging with the local community and updating members on related happenings along with the park's development.

Answer 22

- Environmentalists are concerned about the protection of the woodland, preserving its biodiversity rather than developing it. - Residents are not happy due to the increased noise pollution from the man-made lake, also the loss of land and increased congestion - Many local residents find conflict over the scheme with the government. This is primarily due to the compulsory purchase of land and forced relocation of many. - The Secretary of State had empathy for the residents affected as they said that the pros and cons of constructing the reservoir had to be investigated further to make sure that putting people through this hardship was necessary.

Answer 23

- Reimaging took place as it is one of the largest forests in England meaning many tourists and investors are attracted to the area, increasing demand for services and retail fuelling Murdle’s model of cumulative causation. - They received a £500,000 government grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. This has benefitted local people through improved services and leisure activities, improving the QOL.

Answer 24

- Constructed a man-made lake to create another site to visit in Kielder (cost £167 million and was opened by the queen in 1982). - Tourism of £706 million to our local economy. - Turned Kielder water and forest park into an ‘outdoor nature playground’.

Answer 25

- Investment has increased in the area to utilise the environment. The biggest hydroelectric plant in England is located here with the total water released set at a maximum of 1.3 million metres cubed per day. This has helped to reduce CO2 emissions and therefore the associated risks with climate change. - Spans 250 square miles, is home to the largest forest in England and the largest man-made lake in northern Europe. It was voted the most tranquil place in England by the Campaign to Protect Rural England. - Observatory for dark skies to attract astrotourism. - Forest is home to hold of England’s red squirrels.

Answer 26

- NO: it has led to unhappy residents due to the increased noise pollution, perhaps it has had a negative environmental impact due to the disruption of its biodiversity. - YES: reimaging took place and is now the largest forest in England. This helped to create vast amounts of employment as around 200 people are employed both directly and indirectly through timber harvesting. Shows the vital role the forest plays in the economy. - YES: improved transport links, the company has spent £25,000 on an eight-seated community bus taxi which will provide links between Scotland and England. - YES: they received a £500,000 government grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. This has benefitted local people through improved services and leisure activities, improving the QOL.

Answer 27

- YES: The project has been successful because they expect 300,000 visitors annually, it has won gold to be officially recognised as the best tourism experience in the country, leading to localised spending so local businesses around the tourist attractions will benefit. - YES: more than nine million people visit the county each year contributing to a staggering £706 million to our local economy - YES: hydroelectric power releases a max of 1.3 million meters cubed a day which has increased employment and therefore tax revenue, satisfying the government. - YES: hydroelectric power means surrounding areas become reliant on the Kielder forest for energy, increasing its influence and the importance of its function.

Answer 28

- YES: Wildlife has been a success, since 2009, a total of 42 osprey chicks will have been born in the forest, constituting a success for many environmentalists as it allows species to develop, increasing biodiversity. - NO: issues associated with HE power including drought in certain areas and flooding in others whilst blocking aquatic migration routes and destroying certain habitats. This can damage both human and physical features. - NO: Increased tourism in the area has increased air pollution emissions and litter, both of which can damage the environment. - YES: observatory for dark skies has helped to attract a different subsection of tourism such as those who are interested in Astro-tourism - YES: investment into HE power is an environmental success as it has helped to convert local energy sources towards cleaner methods. This helped to reduce CO2 emissions and therefore the associated risks with climate change.

Answer 29

- Constructed a man-made lake - More local coffee shops, improving economy - The area has utilised its environment to create a tourist attraction in its own right (the largest forest in England). This is an example of large-scale reimaging. - Shifted in status in Cloke’s index of rurality.

Regeneration EQ4 Flashcards

(53 cards)