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Year 3 ICSM COPY > Renal and Urology > Flashcards

Renal and Urology Flashcards

1
Q

Recall 3 pre-renal causes of AKI

A

Hypovolaemia
Renal hypoperfusion
Heart failure

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2
Q

How does hypovolaemia cause AKI?

A

Decreased renal BP causes reduced GFR

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3
Q

Give 2 intrinsic renal causes of AKI

A

Glomerulonephritis

Interstitial nephritis

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4
Q

Other than thrombi and emboli, what might cause vessel obstruction leading to AKI?

A

Haemolytic microangiopathy (HUS or TTP)

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5
Q

Which type of cancer is most strongly associated with AKI and with what investigation might it be detected/ excluded?

A

Myeloma

Microscopy: looking for Bence-Jones protein

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6
Q

What ECG sign shows hyperkalaemia?

A

Tented T waves

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7
Q

What is the first line of management for hyperkalaemia?

A

10mls of calcium gluconate 10%

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8
Q

Recall 3 common complications of AKI

A

Hyperkalaemia
Metabolic acidosis
Pulmonary oedema

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9
Q

Recall the 4 principles of management for AKI

A
  1. Protect against hyperkalaemia
  2. Optomise fluid balance
  3. Stop any nephrotoxic drugs
  4. Consider for dialysis
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10
Q

Which part of the prostate is hypertrophic in BPH?

A

Periurethral (transitional) zone

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11
Q

What would be the main DRE finding in BPH?

A

Palpable midline groove

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12
Q

What is the option for medical management of BPH and why?

A

Alpha blockers - relax SMCs

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13
Q

What is the eGFR diagnostic of CKD?

A

<60

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14
Q

What is the eGFR diagnostic of established renal failure?

A

<15

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15
Q

Give 2 skin signs of CKD

A

Pigmentation

Excoriation

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16
Q

Recall 3 non-skin signs of CKD

A

Anaemia
Leuconychia
Kussmaul breathing due to acidosis

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17
Q

Are CKD patients acidotic or alkalotic?

A

Acidotic

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18
Q

What sort of diet should be fed to CKD patients?

A

High energy, low potassium

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19
Q

Recall 2 autoimmune conditions that can cause CKD

A

SLE

Goodpasture’s

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20
Q

With what comorbidity does orchitis always present?

A

Epidydimitis

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21
Q

What are the most likely infective causes of epidydimitis/orchitis in <35s?

A

Gonorrhoea/ chlamydia

22
Q

What are the most likely infective causes of epidydimitis/orchitis in >35s?

A

Klebsiella/ enterobacter

23
Q

How do you distinguish epidydmitis/orchitis from testicular torsion?

A

Testicular torsion has very sudden onset of symptoms

24
Q

What is the most likely complication of epidydimitis?

A

Testicular abscess

25
Q

What are the complications of mumps orchitis?

A

Testicular atrophy

Infertility

26
Q

Define glomerulonephritis

A

Immunologically-mediated inflammation of the renal glomeruli

27
Q

What is the nephrotic syndrome?

A

Triad of proteinuria, low albumin and oedema

28
Q

What is the nephritic syndrome?

A

Triad of hypertension, proteinuria and haematuria

29
Q

What is the main difference in the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome?

A

Nephrotic: proteinuria
Nephritic: haematuria

30
Q

Define hydrocele

A

Excessive collection of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis

31
Q

When is hydrocele most common?

A

First year of life

32
Q

What is the main sign of hydrocele?

A

Scrotal swelling

33
Q

Recall 2 tumour markers for testicular cancer

A

Beta-HCG

Alpha-fetoprotein

34
Q

What is the usual composition of urinary tract calculi?

A

Calcium oxalate

35
Q

Describe the pain produced by urinary tract calculi

A

Severe loin to groin

36
Q

Recall the symptoms of urinary tract calculi

A

Severe loin to groin pain
Nausea and vomiting
Urinary symptoms may be frequency or retention

37
Q

What is the main differential to consider in suspected urinary tract calculi when the patient is an elderly man?

A

Leaking AAA

38
Q

What blood tests outside of the usual would you order in urinary tract calculi?

A

Calcium
Phosphate
Urate

39
Q

What % of urinary tract calculi are radio-opaque?

A

80%

40
Q

Stones of what size in the urinary tract will pass spontaneously?

A

<5mm

41
Q

What would make a urinary tract stone an acute presentation?

A

Obstructed or infected kidney

42
Q

What is the most commonly-implicated pathogen in UTI?

A

E coli

43
Q

Recall the symptoms of cystitis

A

Frequency and urgency
Dysuria
Suprapubic pain
WBCs in urine

44
Q

Recall the symptoms of pyelonephritis

A

Flank pain
High fever
Malaise
WBCs in urine

45
Q

Under what group of conditions does prostatitis fall?

A

UTIs

46
Q

Describe the symptoms of prostatitis

A

Lower backache
Obstructive urinary symptoms
Flu-like symptoms

47
Q

What is the first choice of antibiotic for uncomplicated UTI in women and men?

A

Women: nitrofurantoin
Men: flucloxacillin

48
Q

What are the typical abnormalities seen on urine dip in UTI?

A

Raised WBC

Nitrites

49
Q

On which side does varicocele usually present?

A

Left

50
Q

What is the cause of varicocele?

A

Venous incompetence in the pamphiniform plexus

51
Q

What are the usual symptoms of varicocele?

A

Scrotal heaviness but no pain

52
Q

What is the best investigation to do for varicocele?

A

Colour doppler ultrasound

Year 3 ICSM COPY (17 decks)

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