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Bmsc 208 > Repro 5 > Flashcards

Repro 5 Flashcards

1
Q

In early to mid follicular phase what does LH do

A

Goes to thecal cells stimulates production of androgens

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2
Q

Where do androgens go during early to mid follicular phase after stimulated by LH

A

Diffuse into granulosa cells where FSH stimulates conversion to estrogen

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3
Q

What does estrogen do after being stimulated by FSH in early to mid follicular phase

A

Provides neg feedback to granulosa cells to continually produce estrogen

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4
Q

What else do greanulosa cells secrete during early to mid follicular phase

A

Produce anti Müllerian hormone
- inhibits pool follicles so no more recruited mid cycle

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5
Q

Low levels of estrogen exert

A

Negative feedback to GnRH, FSH, OH

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6
Q

What causes LH surge during late follicular phase and ovulation

A

Increasing estrogen and progesterone flips to positive feedback on hypothalamus increases GnRH
Increase in FSH but inhibin decreases

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7
Q

What secretes progesterone

A

Granulosa cells

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8
Q

When does ovulation occur

A

16-24 hours after LH peak

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9
Q

What is LH necessary for

A

Oocyte maturation
When meiosis resumes (1st division)

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10
Q

What does mature follicle release during ovulation

A

Prostaglandins and proteolytic enzymes

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11
Q

What do proteolytic enzymes do during ovulation

A

Breakdown collagen and connective tissue holding follicle together

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12
Q

What do prostaglandins do during ovulation

A

Contribute to rupture of follicle or ovary wall

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13
Q

How is secondary oocyte swept into fallopian tube during ovulation

A

By fimbrae

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14
Q

Corona radiata

A

Oocyte when swept out of ovary with some granulosa cells attached

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15
Q

What do cells left over do in ovary

A

Become corpus luteum

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16
Q

During early to mid luteal phase what do thecal and granular cells do

A

Transform into luteal cells (LH)

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17
Q

What are luteal cells

A

Lipid droplets and glycogen granules accumulated in cytoplasm and secrete progesterone

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18
Q

What happens to estrogen and progesterone during early to mid luteal phase

A

Steadily rise and provide negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
- decreases GnRH, LH, FSH

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19
Q

What is dominant during luteal phase

A

Progesterone
- continues to influence endometrium in preperation of pregnancy

20
Q

What are thick secretions during luteal phase for

A

Cervical plus preventing bacteria and sperm

21
Q

What is corpus luteum life span

A

12 days

22
Q

Late luteal when pregnancy does not occur

A

Spontaneous apoptosis of corpus luteum to become corpus albicans

23
Q

What happens with hormones during late luteal

A

Progesterone and estrogen fall, FSH and LH increases

24
Q

What does maintenance of endometrium depend on

A

Progesterone
- when decreased vessels in surface contract causing surface cells to die

25
Q

When does menstruation begin

A

About 14 days after ovulation, 2 days after corpus luteum ceases function

26
Q

what does mentruation consist of

A

40ml blood, 35ml serous fluids and cell debris

27
Q

What hormones influence female secondary sex characteristics

A

Estrogen androgens

28
Q

Breast development
Pattern of fat distribution to hips and upper thighs

A

Estrogen

29
Q

Pubic and armpit hair
Libido

A

Androgens produced by adrenal cortex

30
Q

What is must be stimulated for erection

A

Parasympathetic to penile arteriole to increase blood flow in primarily corpus cavernosum
Sympathetic inhibited to penile arterioles

31
Q

Parasympathetic neurons drive what during erection

A

Nitric oxide from endothelial cells which proceeds and causes relaxation

32
Q

What results in production of nitric oxide

A

ACh released from parasympathetic nerves binds muscarinic ACh receptors on endothelial cells

33
Q

When NO is in endothelial cells what does it do

A

Enter smooth muscle and causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (increase MCLP, decreased Ca)

34
Q

What does engorgement during erection do

A

Compresses veins

35
Q

Emission

A

(Sympathetic) movement of sperm out of vas deferens and into urethra, where joined by secretions from accessory glands to make semen

36
Q

Ejaculation

A

(Somatic) expulsion of seems (3mL) by a series of rapid muscular contractions accompanied by sensations of pleasure

37
Q

What can cause erectile dysfucntion

A

Diabetes, CV disease, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, various drugs, alcohol, tobacco

38
Q

What does sildenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors do for ED

A

Drug inhibts Phosphodiesterase to keep cGMP activated to lower Ca and activate MLCP

39
Q

What does fibanserin do

A

Restore prefrontal cortex control over brains motivation/ reward pathways that enable sex desire

40
Q

Bremelanotide

A

Acts on hypothalamus, targets melanocortin receptor, involved in upregulating a women’s sexual response

41
Q

3 categories of contraceptive practice

A
  1. Abstinence
  2. Sterilization (tubule ligation or vasectomy)
  3. Interventional methods (barrier, implantation prevention, hormonal treatments)
42
Q

What is most effective contraceptive method

A

Sterilization

43
Q

What does tubal ligation do

A

Prevent sperm from coming into contact with ovulated eggs

44
Q

Vasectomy

A

Sperm cannot enter urethra
Vas deferens clipped, cut or tied

45
Q

ancient Egyptian vaginal plugs

A

Leaves feathers and figs held together by dung

46
Q

Barrier methods

A

Female, male condom, cervical cap

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

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