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RUSVM Physiology II > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of sexual differentiation?

A

Genetic
Gonadal-testes determining genes
Phenotypic -tubular and external structures

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2
Q

What is SRY?? What happens in absence of this factor?

A

Testis determining factor

Cortical sex cords develop into follicles and medullary sex cords degenerate =female

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3
Q

In presence of SRY, medullary sex cords differentiate to ______________ cells and cortical sex cords __________.

A

Sertoli

Degenerate

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4
Q

What is freemartinism?

A

Male and female co-twins with fused placental

Male produce anti-mullerian hormone and it circulates to female and inhibits her development of internal structures

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5
Q

What is sex reversal?

A

Disagreement between chromosomal and gonadal sex

XX sex reversal
-XX genotype with testicular development
SRY translocation

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6
Q

What are the three main classes of homones?

A

Steroids
Peptides
Eicosanoids

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7
Q

How are hormones delivered?

A 
Endocrine 
Neuroendocrine 
Paracrine 
Neurocrine 
Autocrine
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8
Q

What hormone is neuroendocrine delivered?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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9
Q

Estradiol and FSH are delivered by?

A

Endocrine

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10
Q

What hormone is delivered by paracrine delivery?

A

Testosterone

Leydig cells to stertoil cells

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11
Q

What hormone is autocrine delivered?

A

Estradiol

Sertoli cells

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12
Q

The strength of hormone action depends on?

A

Secretion pattern
Half-life
Receptor density
Affinity receptor-hormone

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13
Q

What is the half life of a hormone?

A

The rate at which it is cleared from circulation

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14
Q

What is a hormone agonist?

A

Binds to receptor and has the same biological response of the native hormone

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15
Q

Hormone antagonist?

A

Bind to the receptor but it has a weak or not biological effect

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16
Q

What hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?

A

GnRH, and Oxytocin

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17
Q

What hormones are produced in the pituitary?

A

FSH, LH, and Prolactin

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18
Q

Protein hormones activate cellular responses by which mechanism?

A

Activate protein kinases via cAMP

Protein kinases produce new protein products

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19
Q

Steroids activate cellular responses by what mechanism?

A

Steroid diffuses through the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane. Bind to receptors and trigger mRNA production

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20
Q

Testosterone is ___________ in a non-reversible enzyme process to produce estradiol

A

Aromatized

Aromatase enzyme

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21
Q

Where is Estradiol-17B produced?

A

Follicular cells of ovary, placental

Also small amounts in adrenal, testis, and other sites

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22
Q

Where is Estraiol metabolized?

A

Liver

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23
Q

Cholesterol is made into adrotenedione in the ______ cells. Adrotenedione is made into estradiol in the ___________cells?

A

Theca

Granulosa

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24
Q

What are the functions of Estradiol?

A 
Mediate sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics 
Uterine development and function
Cervical mucus 
Increase progesterone receptors
Vaginal proliferation 
Mammary development 
Ovulatory LH surge 
Maintain pregnancy 
Bone health
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25
Progesterone is produced mainly by the ?
Corpus luteum
26
What are the functions of progesterone?
``` Development of uterus Myometrium Closure of cervix, increased viscosity of cervical mucus Maintain pregnancy Mammary development Immune function ```
27
What are progestagens?
Class of hormones that bind to progesterone receptors | Progesterone-like actions
28
Where is testosterone produced?
Leydig cells of testes | Small amounts in adrenal and ovaries
29
What is the function of testosterone?
``` Masculinization Maturation of male repro structures Spermatogenesis Male sexual behavior Muscle mass and bone density (Anabolic) Erythropoietics Increase BMR ```
30
What are androgens?
Class of compounds binding to adgrogen (testosterone) receptors Testosterone Dihydrotestosterone Androstenedione
31
What are the two functional areas of the female hypothalamus?
Tonic and surge centers
32
Presence of testosterone has what effect on the Brian?
"Defeminize" the brain Testosterone crosses blood brain barrier and converted to estradiol Estradiol eliminates surge center
33
GnRH to the pituitary stimulates the release of?
LH and FSH
34
FSH stimulates what in the female?
Follicle growh
35
What are the two feedback pathways of FSH
Follicle growth Graafian follicles - positive feedback with estradiol to hypothalamus to stimulate LH surge Negative feedback with Inhibin to regulate FSH release
36
What does LH stimulate in the female and what is its feedback loop?
Development of corpus luteum -> produces progesterone -> negative feedback regulates tonic release of LH and supports corpus luteum until PGF causes regression
37
The medulla of the ovary contains?
Vasculature, nerves, and CT
38
The Cortes of the ovary contains ?
Oocytes and follicles
39
Describe follicular development in the ovary.
Primordial follicle- oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous cells Primary follicle -single layer of cuboidal cells Secondary follicle- oocyte with two or more layers and zona pellucida Antral follicle -fluid in cavity
40
What is a committed follicle?
Commences development from resting pool
41
What is follicular development that is independent of FSH or LH?
Gonadotropin-independent growth
42
At what stage does a follicle become Gn-responsive?
Secondary
43
At what stage does a follicle become Gn-dependent?
Antral/ Graafian
44
What cells can be seen in an antral follicle?
Theca externa- CT Theca interna - produce androgens under LH stimulation Granulosa -produce estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid ->Columbus oophorus -> corona radiata -> zona pellucida
45
What structure is left in the ovary immediately after ovulation?
Corpus hemorrhagicum
46
Theca interna and granulosa cells proliferate to filled the _____________ ___________ and differentiate to produce luteal cells
Corpus luteum
47
Large luteal cells secrete?
Progesterone, oxytocin, and relaxin
48
In the tonic GnRH center, GnRH release is controlled by?
Pulse generator | -internal and external signals
49
In the surge center, GnRH release is stimulated by?
Follicular wave of estrogen and prostaglandin production in endometrium
50
Release of GnRH from the surge center causes an LH surge that is required for?
Ovulation
51
What is the function of estrogen?
``` Thicken vaginal mucosa Mucus secretion Mitosis of endometrium Increased ciliary beat in tubual cels Increased endometrial edema Myometral activity Estrous behavior ```
52
Progesterone released from corpus luteum does?
Increase endometrial secretion Reduce myometrial activity Prime brain to enhance effect of estrogen
53
What hormone controls leuteolysis?
PGF 2a from endometrium Ipsilateral in ruminants Systemic in mare
54
Describe the control of luteolysis ?
Progesterone from CL induces PGF release from endometrium PGF delivered to ovary (PGF into uterine vein, through countercurrent exchange moves into uterine artery ->ovarian artery) ->> lysis of CL In pregnancy- embryo produces signals to inhibit PGF production and maintains CL
55
Breeding seasonality is mediated by?
Photoperiod | Reinstalled-> produce melatonin in pineal gland during hours of darkness
56
How does the effect of melatonin differ between short day and long day breeders?
Short day- melatonin increase GnRH release (small ruminants) Long day- melatonin decrease GnRH release (horse)
57
What is the difference between puberty and sexual maturity?
Puberty- production of gametes | Sexual maturity-adequate size for pregnancy, delivery, and lactation
58
where do GnRh neurons originate?
Olfactory placode | Migrate through the forebrain to the hypothalamus
59
What has a negative effect on prepubertal GnRH pulsatility?
GABA, Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
60
What has a positive effect on prepubertal GnRH Pulsatility?
Kisspeptin Most likely mediator of pulsatilty Not known how kisspeptin plays a role in onset of puberty
61
What is Leptin? What does it mediate?
Adipocyte hormone | Infusion of Lenin can precipitate puberty- sense adequate body size and maturity
62
Preovulatory GnRH surge is due to positive feedback of __________
Estradiol
63
Prepubertal, how does estradiol feedback on the hypothalamus?
Follicular development -> low amounts of estradiol -> negatively feedback on hypothalamus -> decrease GnRH release -> lower LH -> follicles do not develop and no ovulation
64
Hypothalamic sensitivity to estradiol changes at ______________ and permits development of?
Puberty | Larger follicles and ovulatory GnRH (LH) surge
65
Estrous cycle
Period from the beginning of one estrus to the beginning of the next
66
What are the three phases of estrus?
Follicular phase-proliferative Luteal phase- secretory Quinescent-anestrus
67
What hormones are involved in spontaneous ovulation?
GnRH -> LH -> estradiol positive feedback -> GnRH and LH surge-> ovulation
68
What is the pathway for induced ovulation
Sensory neurons from uterus to surge center ->GnRH release-> LH surge -> ovulation
69
What are the types of cyclicity?
Polyestrus -cow/pig | Seasonal polyestrus- goat/horse
70
What are the characteristics of a non-seasonal polyestrus cycle of cattle?
18-24days Proestrus/ estrus/ metestrus/ diestrus Ovulation 10-15hrs after end of estrus
71
What are signs of estrus in the cow?
``` Standing to be mounted Secondary signs -mounting,sniffing -increased activity -decreased milk yield -clear vaginal mucus -bellowing -swollen vulva ```
72
What is the breeding season of the ewe?
Seasonally polyestrus Short day breeds First ovulation often unaccompanied by signs of estrus (silent ovulation)
73
The estrous cycle of an ewe is _________ days, estrus lasts for _____ hours, and ovulation is usually _____________ hours after beginning of estrus
13-19 days 36hours 20-30hrs Diestrus 14-15days- leuteolysis if no embryo present after 12 days
74
Diestrus
Corpus luteum present and high progesterone
75
Signs of estrus in ewe
Seek out ram Vulvar edema Ram with marking harness
76
What kind of estrus cycle does a doe have? How long is the cycle?
Seasonally polyestrus- short day breeder | 18-24days
77
Detection of estrus in a doe?
``` Swollen vulva Rapid side-to-side tail movement Restlessness Increased focalization Teaser buck Vaginal mucus ```
78
Puberty in the sow is induced by?
Stress Boar effect Hormones (Around 6months)
79
What type of estrus cycle to sows have?
Polyestrus, nonseasonal | Cycle around 21 days
80
What type of estrus cycle does the mare
Seasonally polyestrus-long day breeders
81
The cycle of the mare is _______ days long and estrus lasts _______ days.
15-26days | 5-7days (longer is early season but short in peak season)
82
Dogs reach puberty around _________ months
6-12
83
What type of cycle does the dog have?
Monestrous, non-seasonal | About 6months cycle
84
How is the estrous cycle monitored in the dog?
Vaginal cytology Progesterone LH
85
What type of cycle does the cat have?
Seasonally polyestuous | Induced ovulatory
86
Detection of estrus in cats?
Rubbing against people/inanimate objects Vocalizing Posturing
87
Ages of puberty
``` Sow 6months Doe 6-8 months Cat 6-10 months Dog 6-12 months Mare 8-15months Camelid 5months-2yrs ```
88
What is the estrus cycle in camelids?
Nonseasonal, polyestrus | Induced ovulatory
89
Detection of estrus in camelids
Behavior response to male -Crush and allow mounting | Tone and edema of uterus
90
What is the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
Proestrus and estrus Developing follicles Estrogen-dominated
91
What is the luteal phase of ovarian cycle?
Ovulation to CL regression | Progesterone dominated
92
What is the blood supply to the scrotum?
External pudendal artery
93
What nerves innervate the scrotum?
Genitofemoral nerve
94
What is the lymph drainage of the scrotum?
Superficial inguinal lymph node
95
How is temperature maintained in the testicles?
4 degrees lower than core body temp Pampiniform plexus: countercurrent exchange Scrotal skin: thin with numberous sweat glands Cremaster: raise and lower Whole body response: increase temp->increased respiratory rate
96
What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?
Thermoregulation: countercurrent Testosterone concentration: countercurrent Reduced pulsatility: contorted and long
97
What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?
Maintain unique environment for development and maturation of germ cells Protect germ cells for noxious agents Prevents autoimmune response to sperm
98
What is the function of the epidiymis?
Sperm maturation, storage, and transit | All epididymal functions are androgen dependent
99
What are the two types of penises?
Musculocavernosus- stallion, dog, cat | Fibrous- ruminants, boar, camelids
100
The ____________ nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of glans penis (essential for ejaculation)
Dorsal
101
Anti-Mullerian hormone does what?
Inhibits paramesonephric duct development in embryo | Low levels in postnatal male- elevated in chryptorchid
102
In the male, LH acts primarily on _________ cells to stimulate the production of ___________
Leydig; testosterone
103
Prolactin is secreted by? And has what function?
Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and enhances LH-induced testosterone secretion
104
FSH acts on Sertoli cells to promote synthesis of what 4 proteins?
1. Androgen binding protein (ABP)- concentrate testosterone in epididymis. 2. Inhibin - negative feedback effect on pituitary for FSH 3. Estrogens 4. Testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
105
What is the function of testosterone?
Spermtogenesis | Countercurrent exchange concentrates hormone levels in testes in addition to ABP
106
What is more potent than testosterone as a mediator of sexual development and secondary sex characteristics
Dihydrotestosterone
107
Estrogen is produced by what cells in the male and has what function?
Sertoli cells Support spermatogenesis Negative feedback to hypothalamus
108
What is the function of inhibin in the male?
Produced by Sertoli cells | Negatively feeds back to pituitary to decrease FSH
109
Seasonality of GnRH release in males is regulated by?
Photoperiod on pineal gland and production of melatonin
110
What is the process of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogenesis -> spermatocyte (via mitosis) Primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte (Via meiosis I) Secondary spermatocyte -> spermatids (via meosis II) Spermatic -> spermatozoa (morphological changes)
111
What is the difference between spermtocytogenesis and spermiogenesis ?
Spermacytogenesis - formation of spermatid from spermatogonia Spermiogenesis - morphological change of spermatid to spermatozoa
112
What occurs on the epididymis?
Sperm acquire capability for motility and fertilization | Stored in tail
113
Libido is determined by
Genetics | Threshold level of testosterone
114
What structures are required for erection in ruminants?
Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiousm Ischiocavernosus muscle (pudendal nerve)
115
Emission vs ejaculation
``` Emission = ejection of sperm from epididymis Ejaculation= ejection of semen from urethra ```
116
What nerves are required for ejaculation ?
Affterent- pudendal nerve to spinal cord Efferent - hypograstric to muscles - neuroendocrine loop with oxytocin
117
Seminal fluid is produced by?
Accessory sex glands- ampulla, vesicular glands, prostate, bulbourethral
118
What is present in seminal fluid and what is its function ?
Prostaglandins, citrate, fructose, zinc, mucus Sperm motility, metabolism, uterine contraction, DNA stabilization, Capacitation, immunoregulation B-nerve growth factor (ovulation inducing factor)
119
Copulation
Visual stimuli Penile sensation Musculoskeletal system Initiate ejaculation

RUSVM Physiology II (11 decks)

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