Reproduction in flowering plants

Question 1

asexual reproduction (vegetative propagation)

Answer 1

• requires one parent
• offspring genetically identical to parent
• does not require gametes - offspring forms through mitosis
• no fertilisation takes place

Question 2

sexual reproduction

Answer 2

• requires two parents
• offspring is a genetic combination between two parents
• requires formation of gametes
• fertilisation has to take place

Question 3

1. advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 3

• one organism can form a whole population
• requires less energy to reproduce
• each offspring is a genetic copy of the parent

Question 4

2. advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 4

• offspring can be formed in shorter amount of time
• rapid population growth
• less likely to become extinct

Question 5

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 5

• no genetic variation in offspring

- therefore less adaptable to changing environment

Question 6

advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 6

• more adaptability to change in environments
• more variation
• new varieties can form

Question 7

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 7

• takes longer to produce offspring
• requires a lot of energy
• requires two individuals
• greater chance for extinction

Question 8

pollination

Answer 8

transfer of male pollen grain from male anther to female stigma

Question 9

stigma - sticky

Answer 9

ensures that male pollen can attach to female part of plant

Question 10

style

Answer 10

connective tube

Question 11

ovary

Answer 11

• 1st place where meiosis takes place

- ovary develops into fruit

Question 12

ovule

Answer 12

egg cells that plant produces (haploid)

-fertilised ovules develop into seeds

Question 13

carpel/pistil

Answer 13

• stigma
• style
• ovary

Question 14

stamen

Answer 14

• anther

- filament

Question 15

anther

Answer 15

• haploid pollen grains
• 2nd part where meiosis takes place
• produces pollen

Question 16

filament

Answer 16

keeps anther in place (attaches to sepal)

Question 17

petals

Answer 17

attract pollinators (birds or insects)

Question 18

fertilisation

Answer 18

• takes place in ovary

- male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell) fuse to form a zygote, which will develop into a new individual

Question 19

after fertilisation

Answer 19

pollen tube

Question 20

opening of style

Answer 20

micropyle

Question 21

endosperm

Answer 21

*

Question 22

self-pollination

Answer 22

pollinates itself

pollen from the same flower

Question 23

cross pollination

Answer 23

pollen from different flower

more variation

Question 24

1. adaptation for wind pollination

Answer 24

dull
scentless flowers
reduced petals

Question 25

2. adaptation for wind pollination

Answer 25

- anthers hang outside - pollen blown by wind - feathery stigma (easily trap pollen)

Question 26

2. adaptation for insect-pollinated flowers

Answer 26

- pollen has barbs for hooking onto insect fur - sticky stigma to collect pollen - anthers positioned to rub pollen onto insects

Question 27

1. bees/butterfly pollination

Answer 27

- bright colour - nectaries - scent

Question 28

2. bees/butterfly pollination

Answer 28

- they sip nectar - get pollen on coats - transfer pollen from flower to flower

Question 29

bird pollination

Answer 29

- nectaries - bright colours - tube-like flowers

Question 30

moth pollination

Answer 30

- white petals | - open at night

Question 31

fly pollination

Answer 31

-rank odor | flesh coloured petals

Question 32

fruit formation

Answer 32

1. flower (after fertilisation) 2. petals wither 3. ovary begins to swell 4. petals drop off 5. seeds develop inside fruit 6. fruit grows bigger (ovary then grows bigger until it becomes a fruit)

Question 33

fruit formation

Answer 33

``` ovary development fruit set cell division cell expansion ripening ```

Question 34

1. seed banks

Answer 34

- stores seeds as a source for planting in case seed reserves elsewhere are destroyed - type of gene bank

Question 35

2. seed banks

Answer 35

- storing seeds also guards against catastrophic events like natural disasters, outbreaks of disease or war - unlike seed libraries or seed swaps that encourage frequent reuse and sharing of seeds, seed banks are not typically open to the public