Reproductive Aging Flashcards by Taylor Miles

how many follicles are females born with

1 million down to 300,000 by puberty

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what does each follicle contain

1 egg

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what is ovulation

every cycle, one mature egg is released from the growing follicle

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what occurs after menarche

ovulation and approaching menopause

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what is ovulation regulated by

Lh and FSH hormones

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where do the regulated hormones get released from

the pituitary gland

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what does LH and FSH promote

follicle growth and preparation for ovulation

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what are the functions of estrogen and progesterone

ovulation mainly by estrogen via FSH and LH surge and prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg

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what occurs when there is no fertilization during ovulation

estrogen and progesterone levels fall and thickened layer of uterus is sloughed off while LH and FSH levels rise and cycle begins again

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what important roles does Estrogen have a part in

bone strength and structure, joint health, muscle mass/strength/power, cardiovascular health, brain health and cognitive function, and metabolic regulation

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what hormone is responsible for joint laxity in women

estrogen

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what occurs to follicle numbers with aging

number and quality decline progressively

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what are the signs of approaching menopause

variable estrogen and progesterone, increasing LH and FSH, and a decline in anabolic hormones alongside with the decrease in both growth hormone and IGF-1

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what are characteristics of menopause onset

follicular numbers decline to a critical low, FSH and LH levels are high and estrogen levels are low

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what is the average age range of menopause onset

50-52

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what is the STRAW model

divides the adult female life into three broad phases that include 7 stages

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what are the 3 phases in STRAW

reproductive years, transition years, and post-menopause years

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what are the 7 stages of the STRAW model

reproductive early, peak, late
transition early and late menopausal transition
post-menopausal early and late

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at what age do women enter menopausal transition (MT)

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what are the signs of MT

increased FSH, decline in estrogen and progesterone levels, variable cycle length by at least 7 days, amenorrhea of >60 days

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when does menopause onset begin

at the final menstrual period

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what is the average age of menopause onset

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50-52 years old

what is the hallmark of menopause

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decreased estrogen

how much does the uterus shrink 15-20 post-menopause

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70%

what are some physiological changes associated with menopause

atrophy of urogenital tissues, decline in proportion of lean body mass with increase in fat mass, changes to hair/nails/skin, and loss of protective effect to musculoskeletal and cardiometabolic health

during later perimenopause there's a sudden rise in what rate

increased fat mass

when does accelerated bone loss occur

just prior to FMP and continues for the first 2-3 years after

what are ways to prevent bone loss during menopause

Ca2+ and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing and resistance exercise, and hormone replacement therapy

what changes occur to muscle mass during menopause

an increase in intermuscular fat and type 1 fibers, decrease in type 2 fibers and estrogen receptors due to muscle protein synthesis/muscle protein breakdown

what changes occur to muscle strength during menopause

decrease in motor units, type 2 fibers, calcium release, and ability to recruit all motor unit

what are symptoms during peri/post menopause

hot flashes/night sweats, mental health, sleep disturbance, cognitive performance, sexual function, and joint stiffness and pain

what are the health risks due to menopause

cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, low bone mineral density and low muscle mass and strength

what are some physical activity benefits for women in post menopause

improved sleep and mood, prevention of unhealth weight gain, maintenance of bone mineral density and muscle mass/strength/power, and CVD and T2D prevention

what does estrogen promote

anabolic response of muscle cells to exercise for muscle growth

what type of exercise prescription is best for females post menopause

resistance exercise to maintain/minimize decline in muscle mass, weight-bearing activities and resistance training to minimize bone loss, aerobic activity to maintain CV fitness, and flexibility and balance

what are the androgenic effects of testosterone

development and maintenance of sex organs, sperm development, arousal, secondary sex characteristics

what are the anabolic effects of testosterone

build muscle mass and strength, bone density and strength

what occurs reproductively due to aging in men

fertility declines slightly, decreased testosterone levels, decreased size and weight of testes, prostate gland enlarges, and increased risk of erectile dysfunction

what is the physiology of 'Andropause"

progressive testosterone declines from 30-40 years onward, sperm production mostly conserved but quality decline

what are symptoms of andropause

low energy, depression or sadness, erectile dysfunction, infertility, increased body fat, etc.

when does testosterone levels peak

peaks in 30s and then declines 0.3-1% per year

why does testosterone decrease with age

due to decrease in number of Leydig cells of the testes

what is low testosterone linked to increase risk of

hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc.

what is late onset hypogonadism

a syndrome that is characterized by low testosterone and accompanying signs and/or symptoms

what is the trajectory of age-related decline in testosterone affected by

obesity, medications, smoking, alcohol, stress, diet, and genetics

what does decreased BMI result in

an increase in testosterone

what are the effects of exercise on testosterone levels in men

lower likelihood of having low testosterone

what are exercise recommendations for males and testosterone decline

aerobic exercise and resistance training

what is physical function

being able to perform activities of daily living

how do you preserve physical function

maintain quality of life, prevent loss of independence, and need to better understance the factors that contribute to poor physical function amoung older adults

what is the decline in cardiovascular fitness due to

limitation on O2 delivery and uptake

what does decline in lung function lead to

impaired ventilation

what was the study's objective in Gina's Journal club demo

to describe associations between factors within different physiological system and self-reported physical function in older adults and determine if the associations differe in men vs women

Reproductive Aging Flashcards

(53 cards)