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BMSC 208 > Reproductive I > Flashcards

Reproductive I Flashcards

1
Q

Humans are sexually ________, males and females have distinct physical characteristics

A

dimorphic

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2
Q

Male and female sex organs consist of ______ sets of structures

A

three

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3
Q

Male and female sex organs consist of 3 sets of structures
_______: gamete producing organs
_______ genitalia: accessory glands and ducts
_______ genitalia: external reproductive structures

A

Gonads, Internal, External

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4
Q

Sex determination is programmed in the _______

A

genome

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5
Q

Each nucleated cell of the body except gametes contains ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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6
Q

___ pair(s) autosomes:
direct development of human body
__ pair(s) sex chromosomes:
direct development of internal and external sex organs

A

22, 1

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7
Q

Gametes contain 23 _____ chromosomes

A

single

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8
Q

XX = ________
XY = ____

A

female, male

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9
Q

Does the male or female determine the sex and why?

A

Male, because sperm carry either X or Y, females only carry X

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10
Q

In females, after the development of ovaries, one X chromosome is turned ____ in each cell.

A

off

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11
Q

Is the chance that the paternal or maternal X chromosome is shut off differs in each cell generally considered specific or random?

A

Random

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12
Q

X-linked recessive genetic disorders more commonly affect _______: muscular dystrophy, color blindness, hemophilia

A

males

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13
Q

Can non-disjunction occur at meiosis I or II?

A

Can occur at one, both, or neither

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14
Q

Non-disjunction at meiosis __ causes disomic gametes and nullisomic gametes

A

I

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15
Q

Non-disjunction at meiosis __ causes a disomic gamete, a nullisomic gamete, and normal monosomic gametes

A

II

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16
Q

Anything that has a Y, even with two XXs, it genetically considered _____, and absence would be considered ______

A

male, female

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17
Q

A Y on its own is not considered viable, and would not survive, hence needs at least one ___ to survive

A

X

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18
Q

XXX and XYY generally go undiagnosed because there is no real ________ associated

A

phenotype

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19
Q

XXY is considered what condition?

A

Klinefelter’s

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20
Q

X0 is considered what condition?

A

Turner syndrome

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21
Q

Embryonic period extends through the __th week

A

8

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22
Q

Reproductive structures do not begin to differentiate until the __th week of development and prior to this time are considered _________

A

7, bipotential

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23
Q

Formation of _______ genitalia first, followed by ________

A

internal, external

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24
Q

Either the ______ or ______ will survive, and either the _________ duct or the ________ duct will survive

A

cortex, medulla, mullerian, wolffian

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25
Q

______ is considered default

A

Female

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26
Q

Male or female development depends on the presence or absence of sex determining region of the ___ chromosome (SRY gene)

A

Y

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27
Q

If female:
Gonad (cortex): ?

A

forms ovary

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28
Q

If female:
Gonad (medulla): ?

A

regresses

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29
Q

If female:
Wolffian duct: ?

A

regresses

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30
Q

If female:
Mullerian duct: ?

A

becomes fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/2 of vagina

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31
Q

If male:
Gonad (cortex): ?

A

regresses

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32
Q

If male:
Gonad (medulla): ?

A

forms testis

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33
Q

If male:
Wolffian duct: ?

A

forms epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle

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34
Q

If male:
Mullerian duct: ?

A

regresses

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35
Q

SRY gene produces: ? (TDF)

A

testis determining factor

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36
Q

What three genes guided by TDF guide development of gondal medulla into a testis?

A

SOX9, WT1, and SF1

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37
Q

Testes then produce three hormones influencing development: ?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone
Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone

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38
Q

? (sertoli cells): causes mullerian ducts to regress

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone

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39
Q

_________ (leydig cells): converts Wolffian ducts into male accessory structures (epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles)

A

Testosterone

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40
Q

_____________ (leydig cells): differentiation of external genitalia

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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41
Q

If female:
Genital tubercle: ?

A

forms clitoris

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42
Q

If female:
urethral folds and grooves: ?

A

form labia minora, opening of vagina and urethra

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43
Q

If female:
Labioscrotal swellings: ?

A

form labia majora

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44
Q

If male:
Genital tubercle: ?

A

forms glans penis

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45
Q

If male:
urethral folds and grooves: ?

A

forms shaft of penis

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46
Q

If male:
Labioscrotal swellings: ?

A

form shaft of penis and scrotum

47
Q

External genitalia development driven by presence or absence of _________

A

androgens (DHT)

48
Q

In the absence of androgens, the external genitalia are _________

A

feminized

49
Q

Presence of androgens (DHT) causes development of ____ external genitalia

A

male

50
Q

__________________: genetically male but lack enzyme to convert testosterone to DHT

A

Pseudohermaphrodites

51
Q

What is the defective gene in pseudohermaphrodites?

A

5a-reductase

52
Q

Despite having testosterone production, lack of DHT results in failure of male _______ genital and _______ development. So, appears to be female at birth

A

external, prostate

53
Q

In pseudohermaphrodites, at puberty the testes begin to secrete testosterone again causing ____________ of external genitalia

A

masculinization

54
Q

The ________ contains the sertoli cells and the leydig cells

A

medulla

55
Q

The _______ is the differentiation into fetal ovaries

A

cortex

56
Q

_____: some of the largest cells in the body

A

Egg

57
Q

_____: nonmotile, move via smooth muscle contraction or cilia

A

Egg

58
Q

_____: born with all the oocytes you will have, cyclically released during reproductive years

A

Egg

59
Q

_____: after ~40 years ceases

A

Egg

60
Q

_____: quite small

A

Sperm

61
Q

_____: the only flagellated cells in the body and are highly motile

A

Sperm

62
Q

_____: continuously produced after reaching reproductive maturity

A

Sperm

63
Q

_____: sperm and testosterone production diminishes with age but do not cease

A

Sperm

64
Q

_______________: the production of gametes

A

Gametogenesis

65
Q

Mitosis begins in ______ to increase germ cell numbers

A

utero

66
Q

Order these statements according to “gametogenesis:”
1. duplication of chromosomes (92 chromosomes)
2. one primary gamete divides into two secondary gametes (each with 46 chromosomes)
3. germ cells in embryonic gonads undergo mitotic divisions to increase number
4. Secondary gametes divide again to produce haploid gametes (23 chromosomes=23 chromatids)

A

3, 1, 2, 4

67
Q

Female gametogenesis is usually done by ___ months of fetal development

A

5

68
Q

In females, the second meiotic division does not occur unless __________

A

fertilized

69
Q

In females germ cells are _______

A

Oögonia

70
Q

At birth each ovary ~ ______ primary oocytes

A

500,000

71
Q

In females, meiosis resumes at _______

A

puberty

72
Q

In females, the first division produces large secondary _______ and a tiny first _____ body (46 chromosomes)

A

oocyte, polar

73
Q

The egg ______ second meiotic division, polar bodies break down

A

begins

74
Q

Ovary releases egg and it does not undergo secondary division until ________

A

fertilized

75
Q

____________ oocyte contains 46 chromosomes but is preparing to undergo division

A

Secondary

76
Q

Once sperm begins to fertilize secondary oocyte it undergoes meiotic division shedding a polar body containing ___ chromosomes.

A

23

77
Q

This leaves ___ chromosomes in the ovum and ___ new chromosomes enter from the sperm

A

23, 23

78
Q

All polar bodies are/are not viable

A

are not

79
Q

Why don’t polar bodies survive?

A

Uneven division, polar bodies very small with very little cytoplasm and few organelles

80
Q

Why isn’t there even distribution between a polar body and an oocyte?

A

Male sperm only supplies DNA, so it depends on all the organelles and cytoplasm from the female gamete

81
Q

In both males and females gametogenesis under control of hormones from brain and from endocrine cells in the _______

A

gonads

82
Q

Some spermatogonia continue in mitosis, some enter meiosis producing _______ spermatocytes, ________ spermatocytes, ________ and finally sperm.

A

primary, secondary, spermatids

83
Q

At birth testes contain only _______ germ cells and remain quiescent (dormant)

A

immature

84
Q

At _________ germ cell mitosis resumes producing germ cells known as spermatogonia

A

puberty

85
Q

Reproduction begins with secretion of peptide hormones from ____________ and _________ pituitary that control gondal secretion of sex hormones including androgens, estrogens and progesterone

A

hypothalamus, anterior

86
Q

Both sexes produce all three of these hormones: ?

A

Androgens, estrogens, and progesterone

87
Q

Males primarily make ___________ (95% testes, 5% adrenal cortex) most converted in periphery to DHT

A

androgens

88
Q

Females primarily make _________ and __________ (ovaries)

A

estrogens, progesterone

89
Q

__________ is the source for androgens, estrogens, and progesterone

A

Cholesterol

90
Q

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) produced in ___________ neurons

A

hypothalamic

91
Q

GnRH controls secretion of two anterior pituitary gonadotrophins from gonadotropes: ?

A

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

92
Q

FSH and LH act on ________

A

gonads

93
Q

________ neuron: a subtype of neuron within the hypothalamus that are believed to influence the GnRH neurons. Will receive input from the internal environment

A

Kisspeptin

94
Q

GnRH stimulates gonadotropes (a type of _______ cell) which are in the anterior pituitary, that produce LH and FSH, these then act on the gonads and cause the production of hormones and influence ____________

A

endocrine, gametogenesis

95
Q

The ability for the hormones from the hypothalamus to reach the anterior pituitary depends on the __________ portal system

A

hypophyseal

96
Q

Order these statements according to “hypophyseal portal system:”
1. Endocrine cells release their peptide hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body
2. Portal veins carry the trophic neurohormones directly to the anterior pituitary, where they act on the endocrine cells
3. Neurons synthesizing tropic neurohormones release them into capillaries of the portal system

A

3, 2, 1

97
Q

Short-loop negative feedback involves LH and FSH inhibiting _____ release from the hypothalamus

A

GnRH

98
Q

Estrogen is _______ feedback up to a point, but once reaching higher concentrations flips to ________ feedback driving GnRH and especially LH even higher

A

negative, positive

99
Q

Most suppression occurs through _____ feedback loops

A

long

100
Q

For males, its purely negative feedback: as there is high amounts of testosterone produced, you get ________ of GnRH produced

A

suppression

101
Q

_______ – go to the FSH producing gonadotrophs and inhibit them

A

Inhibins

102
Q

_______ – go to the FSH producing gonadotrophs and activate them

A

Activins

103
Q

Feedback at _______ pituitary on gonatropes

A

anterior

104
Q

Feedback at ______________ directly on GnRH neurons or via Kisspeptin containing neurons

A

hypothalamus

105
Q

______: Released from hypothalamus in pulsatile fashion every 1-3 hours in both sexes

A

GnRH

106
Q

Females also have a surge corresponding with ovulation = ?

A

GnRH

107
Q

Children with a GnRH __________ will not mature sexually without gonadtrophin stimulation of the gonads. Synthetic GnRH must be delivered in a ________ manner

A

deficiency, pulsatile

108
Q

Constant delivery of GnRH leads to down regulation of receptors in the pituitary gonadotropes, which stops the release of _____ and ___

A

FSH and LH

109
Q

_____ GnRH treatment for certain breast or prostate cancer

A

High

110
Q

Pulsatile activity in _________ neurons stimulates GnRH neurons to release GnRH

A

kisspeptin

111
Q

GnRH binds GnRH receptor on _________ in the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release LH and FSH

A

gonadotropes

112
Q

LH and FSH act on the gonads to stimulate hormone secretion and facilitate _________ production

A

gamete

113
Q

Environmental factors influence reproduction is difficult to study in ______

A

males

114
Q

_________ estrogens can bind and activate estrogen receptors; some are anti-estrogens that interfere with ________ messenger pathways

A

Environmental, second

BMSC 208 (11 decks)

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