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Reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gonads and what do they produce

A

Ovaries and testes
They produce gametes and most sex hormones

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2
Q

What are the 3 categories of hormones that gonads produce and give an example of each

A

Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens (estrogen)
Progestins (progesterone)

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: There are higher levels of ___________ in males and higher levels of __________ and ___________ in females

A

Testosterone in males
Estrogen and Progesterone in females

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4
Q

What determines if a fetus is male or female

A

Androgens produced in early development

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5
Q

What is the role of testosterone

A

development and maintenance of males sex characteristics like increased bone and muscle mass

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6
Q

True or false: older men are at risk for osteoporosis

A

True

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7
Q

True or false: the males reproductive role differs from the female reproductive role

A

True

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8
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of males

A

Produce millions of sperm and delver them to female reproductive system

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9
Q

What are the three regions of a mature sperm cell and what does each piece contain

A

Head - contains fathers chromosomes
Mid piece - contains many mitochondria
Tail - doesn’t contain anything but it propels the sperm throughout the body (swim)

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10
Q

Whats included in the head of the sperm

A

The acrosome

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11
Q

What is the acrosome and what does it contain

A

Its a sac that covers the head of the sperm and it contains enzymes to help with fertilization

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12
Q

What is the flow of sperm from start to finish

A

Testes (seminiferous tubules) to epididymis to vas deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra and out of the penis

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13
Q

At what point does sperm become semen

A

Once it goes from the ejaculatory ducts to the urethra

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14
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands and prostate gland contribute their fluids

A

once sperm reaches ejaculatory duct and is headed towards the urethra

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15
Q

What surrounds the testes

A

Scrotum

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16
Q

Finish the sentence: the scrotum is suspended by ___________

A

suspensory ligaments

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17
Q

What 2 categories of muscles can elevate the testicles and why would you want to be able to elevate the testicles

A

Dartos and Cremaster muscles
Want to be able to elevate testicles for temperature elevation in order to have to most optimal sperm production

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18
Q

What are the 2 gonadotrophic hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes

A

Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

What 3 things do the gonadotrophic hormones do

A

stimulates testes and ovaries
essential for reproduction
regulates gonad function in males and females

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20
Q

By what mechanism are male reproductive hormones controlled

A

negative feedback mechanism

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21
Q

Explain how and which hormones of the male reproductive system work on negative feedback

A

The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which will the increase testosterone (LH) and sperm count (FSH)

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22
Q

What happens in response to FSH and testosterone

A

the seminiferous tubules produce more sperm and there is an increase in production of inhibin

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23
Q

What is inhibin

A

inhibits the production of FSH

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24
Q

What happens in response to LH

A

testosterone levels rise

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25
What does rising testosterone levels do
Inhibits the release of GnRH and decreases LH from anterior pituitary gland
26
What is the reproductive role of females
Produce few eggs but requires more time and energy to have a potential fertilized egg (zygote)
27
What are the female gonadal hormones
Estrogen and progesterone
28
What are the effects of decreased estrogen levels in older women
negatively influence muscle damage and increases the risk of osteoporosis
29
What is the flow of an "egg"
Ovaries to fallopian tubes to uterus to cervix to vagina to outside of the body
30
What are the external female genetalia
Clitoris and Labia
31
What is one accessory gland of females
Mammary glands
32
What is the labia
Fold of skin that covers and protects urogenital openings
33
What is the clitoris
Erectile organ to responds to sexual stimulation
34
What is the perineum
Skin between vagina and anus
35
What normally tears during childbirth
The perineum
36
Where is the vagina located
Between the bladder and rectum
37
What are the functions of the vagina
elimination of menstrual fluids, its the inferior portion of the birth canal, receives sperm during sex
38
Where is the Uterus located
Between the bladder and rectum
39
How is the uterus held in place
By several ligaments
40
Name the 3 regions of the uterus
Cervix - narrow passage that links to vagina Body- main part Fundus- Rounded portion above where fallopian tubes enter
41
What are the uterine walls made of and what are their functions
Endometrium - inner layer that thickens in preparation for a mature egg to be fertilized and is shedded when no pregnancy occurs (period) Myometrium - middle layer composed of smooth muscles with contracts during childbirth to get the baby out Perimetrium - outer layer
42
True or false: The uterus stays the same shape
False: it changes size and shape (pregnancy)
43
Name 3 functions of the uterus
1 - receives fertilized egg 2 - keeps fertilized egg 3 - nourishes the egg so it can grow an develop
44
Describe what happens when a prolapsed uterus occurs and why does this happen
The uterus becomes unsupported due to torn muscles which happens during childbirth which then causes the uterus to protrude through the vaginal opening (outside of body)
45
What does the cervix look like and what does it produce
It looks like a barrell and the cervical canal has a constricted opening. It produces mucus which becomes less viscous during ovulation allowing sperm to flow through much easier
46
What does PAP smear stand for and what does it screen for
stands for papanicolaou cervical smears and it screens for cancerous or precancerous lesions of the cervix
47
What is another name for fallopian tubes
Oviducts
48
True or false: Oviducts are continuous with the ovaries
False: They aren't
49
Why are women at risk due to oviducts not being continuous with ovaries
There is a higher risk of infection from other parts of the reproductive tract leading to PID
50
What does PID cause
Pelvic inflammation disease causes scarring of the fallopian tubes and infertility or death
51
True or false: mammary glands are found in both sexes
True
52
True or false: Mammary glands are sweat glands
False: They are MODIFIED sweat glands
53
How do mammary glands mature
By the stimulation of sex hormones (mainly estrogens) from the placenta and reproductive system
54
What is the function of mammary glands in females
Production of milk and ejection of milk (lactation)
55
What hormone stimulated the production of milk and which gland secretes it
Prolactin The hypothalamus releases prolactin-releasing hormone and then the anterior pituitary gland secretes prolactin to act on the mammary glands
56
What other hormone acts on the mammary glands and what does it do
Oxytocin - ejection of milk
57
What does estrogen do
Maintains female reproductive system and gives female characteristics
58
What is estrogen primarily produced by and when
Developing follicles in ovaries (during reproductive cycle) Corpus luteum (after ovulation Placenta (after implantation)
59
What is the production of estrogen primarily controlled by
gonadotropins
60
How long is an average reproductive cycle
24 - 35 days with ovulation 1/2 way through
61
How are the phases controlled
By changes in hormone levels
62
How many cycles are involved in the reproductive cycle. Name them and explain
2 cycles Ovarian - maturation of follicle and ovulation Menstrual - tickening of endometrium to prepare for pregnancy. No pregnancy = shedding of endometrium = period
63
What is the process of production of eggs in the ovaries called
Oogenesis
64
When are eggs released into fallopian tubes
During ovulation
65
Finish the sentence: The first day of menstrual cycle is considered _________________ of menstrual cycle and _______________ of ovarian cycle
Day 1 for both
66
Explain the ovarian cycle
ovulation occurs which is when an oocyte by the follicle is release from the ovary. then the follicle becomes corpus luteum due to the influence of LH The corupus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for pregnancy.
67
What happens when fertilization does not occur
Progesterone and Estrogen levels drop, corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian cycle starts again
68
Explain the menstrual cycle
Menstruation - shedding of the uterine lining which happens when estrogen levels drop and FSH and LH levels rise Proliferation - endometrium thickens which increases estrogen production Secretion - thickening and maintenance of endometrium due to the corpus luteum secreting progesterone and estrogen
69
What happens if implantation occurs
the embryo produces hormones to maintain corpus luteum
70
what happens if implantation does not occur
then the menstruation phase follows the secretory phase
71
Fill in the blank: _____________ sperm enter vagina, __________ enter uterine tube and ______________ make it to isthmus
200 million, 10 000 and a few hundred
72
How long are oocytes viable for and how long are sperm viable for
Oocyte: 12 - 24 hrs after ovulation Sperm: 24 - 48 hrs after ejaculation
73
Where is the most common site for fertilization
ampulla of fallopian tubes
74
How does fertilization work: where does it occur where does it get implanted what type of divisions to zygotes undergo
Occurs as egg is travelling down fallopian tube (ampulla) Gets implanted into the endometrium Undergoes many mitotic divisions
75
Why are levels of estrogen and progesterone high during pregnancy
To prevent shedding of the uterine lining Inhibits brain from releasing gonadotropins so it doesn't release another ovum
76
How is pregnancy and hormone level maintained
1 - embryo secretes hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin 2 - Placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy
77
When are all organ systems of a fetus formed
at the end of week 8 of development then presence or absence of Y chromosome will detect whether its male or female and growth and appearance changes continue as the weeks go on
78
What is an ectopic pregnancy
when the fertilized egg implants in another spot other than the uterus (outside womb)
79
What are the 3 types of ectopic pregnancy and where does the egg implant itself
1 - Oviduct (fallopian tubes) 2 - Peritoneum (peritoneal) 3 - Ovary (ovarian)
80
What is birth control and what does it do
It mimics natural estrogen and progesterone to trick the brain into saying that you're always pregnant by inhibiting GnRH secretions
81
Progesterone vs Estrogen
Progesterone: - produced by corpus luteum until LH decreases in blood - does not contribute to secondary characteristic development - helps maintain pregnancy and prepares breasts for milk production Estrogen: - development of secondary sex characteristics ( growth of accessory organs, breast development, axillary and pubic hair, subcutaneous adipose tissue, widening of the pelvis, onset of menstrual cycle)

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