Reproductive System Exam 2

Question 1

Ovarian Functions

Answer 1

Production and release of gametes
Maturation of oocyte
Secretion of estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

Question 2

Estrogen Effects

Answer 2

Heart/Liver: down-regulate cholesterol
Breast: increase size
Ovary: maturation
Vagina: maturation
Uterus: maturation
Bone: density

Question 3

Progestorone

Answer 3

Changes in uterus layer
Mammary gland development
Relaxes uterine smooth muscle
Blocks follicular maturation and ovulation
Embryo implantation

Question 4

How many follicles are in the ovarian cycle

Answer 4

Eggs stored in follicles
20 follicles begin maturation
Only one matures

Question 5

Regulation of Follucular Phase: LH, FSH, GnRH

Answer 5

-Hormones stimulate development of primordial follicles into primary, secondary, and mature follicles
-GnRH controls cycle
-FSH initates follicular growth
-LH stimulates development of ovarian follicles
-FSH and LH stimulate cells in the secondary and mature follicles to secrete estrogens

Question 6

Ovulation functions

Answer 6

-Mature follicle ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity
-Occurs 34-38 hours after LH surge begins
-Occurs 14 days before menstrual flow

Question 7

Ovulation mechanism

Answer 7

1. High levels of estrogen release GnRH and LH
2. GnRH promotes release of FSH and LH
3. LH surge causes ovulation

Question 8

Positive Feedback in late follicular phase

Answer 8

Secretion of estrogen
Estrogen acts on anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus produces increased LH

Question 9

Luteal Phase

Answer 9

-Follicle collapses and granulose cell enlarge -> make corpus luteum

Question 10

Corpus Luteum Effects in the Luteal Phase

Answer 10

-Made under influence of LH
-Secretes progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
-Temporary and helps maintain pregnancy
-Max development in 10 days then degenerates

Question 11

Negative Feedback in Luteal Phase

Answer 11

-Increase of progesterone and estrogen by corpus luteum
-Levels suppress release of FSH and LH
-Inhibin suppresses release of FSH and lesser LH

(Estrogen high, FSH & LH low)

Question 12

Fertilization Occurs

Answer 12

-Ovum moves into uterus
-Secrete progesterone and estrogen for 60-80 days due to HCG
HCG has LH and FSH properties
-60-80 days HCG declines and corpus luteum degenerates

Question 13

Placenta

Answer 13

Temporary endocrine organ
Transports molecules
Produces hormones

Question 14

Levels of what is detected for pregnancy tests

Answer 14

HCG (Human chrionic gonadotropin)

Question 15

Fertilization does not occur

Answer 15

-Corpus luteum degenerates
-Form corpus albican (scar tissue)
-Corpus luteum stops secreting estrogen and progesterone
-Increase FSH and LH
-Cycle restarts

Question 16

Uterus main functions

Answer 16

-Pathway part for sperm in vagina to reach tubes
-Implantation of fertilized ovum
-Source of menstrual flow w/o implantation

Question 17

Uterus Wall (Layers outside to inside)

Answer 17

Perimetrium: Incomplete membrane, peritoneal lining

Myometrium: Thickest portion, muscle, force to push fetus into vagina, oxytocin contraction, 90% mass

Endometrium: 10% mass, glandular & vascular tissue, physiological demands of growing fetus

Question 18

Endometrium: functional and basilar zones

Answer 18

Functional Zone: Uterine glands, endometrial thickness, dramatic changes in thickness during cycle

Basilar Zone: Endometrium to myometrium, terminal branches of tubular endometrial glands

Question 19

Uterine Cycle: Proliferative phase, secretory phase, fertilization

Answer 19

Day 5-14: proliferative phase
-New growth of endometrium by estrogen -> uterine glands and spiral arteries develop -> glycogen fills glands

Days 14-28: secretory phase
-Progesterone influences endometrium -> secretes glycogen, arteries coil, prepare for implantation

Question 20

Uterine Cycle w/ & w/o fertilization

Answer 20

With:
-Estrogen & Progesterone levels high -> cycle stops -> no menstruation

Without:
-Endometrium degenerates, decrease estrogen & progesterone level which causes shedding
-Blood vessels constrict (tissue dies, 50ml blood)

Question 21

Overview of cycle: phases steps and hormone

Answer 21

Follicular Phase:
Primordial, primary, secondary follicules (estrogen)

Ovulation:
Mature follicle and ovulation (both have estrogen)

Luteal Phase:
Corpus Luteum (progestorone & estrogen)

No fertilization:
Corpus Albican

Question 22

Menopause: when to count and symptoms

Answer 22

Rapid decrease of estrogen, 12 months w/o period

Symptoms:
Hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings

Low level of estrogen, increase chance of breaking bones, decrease Ca2+

Question 23

Accessory organs: Ducts and sex glands

Answer 23

Ducts: sperm from epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra
Accessory sex glands: produce secretions to protect and support the sperm

Question 24

Male puberty before and during

Answer 24

Before: small amounts of testosterone inhibit GnRH release
During: suppress GnRH release, result in increased production of FSH, LH, testosterone

Question 25

Effects of Testosterone

Answer 25

-Produced by Leydig cells -Development of male sex organs in embryo -Descent of testes -Enlargement of genitalia -Sperm cell formation -Hair growth -Metabolic Rate

Question 26

Testes

Answer 26

Site of production of sperm and sex hormone (androgens) Suspended in sac outside of abdominal wall -Sperm Production (2-3 degree cooler)

Question 27

Sertoli in Seminiferous Tubules

Answer 27

Sertoli cells: -Inside spermatogenic cells -blood-testies barrier -Regulation of spermatogensis -Nourish sperm cells -Secrete inhibin

Question 28

Spermatogenic Cells in Seminiferous Tubules

Answer 28

-Spermatogonia -Spermatocytes -Spermatids -Spermatozoa

Question 29

Leydig cells

Answer 29

Located btw seminiferous tubules Secrete testosterone Testosterone are androgen and synthesized in testes Adrenal Cortex synthesizes other circulating androgens but are less potent than testosterone

Question 30

Spermatogenesis stages

Answer 30

Produced in seminiferous tubules Cell Division: Mitosis -> form primary spermatocytes Meiosis -> forms spermatids from spermatocytes Spermiogenesis -> spermatids form sperm during differentiation Sperm released into lumen of seminiferous tubule

Question 31

Parts of Sperm

Answer 31

Acrosome: Cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes Help penetrate oocyte Middle Piece: Mitochondria ATP for locomotion 300 million sperm complete spermatogenesis a day

Question 32

Hormones in Spermatogenesis

Answer 32

-Beginning of puberty: anterior pituitary increase secretion of LH and FSH -LH stimulates secretion of testosterone from Leyding cells -Testosterone controls spermatogenesis -FSH stimulates Sertoli cells & spermatogonia increasing the rate

Question 33

What cell secretes ABP and inhibin

Answer 33

Sertoli cells

Question 34

ABP binds to ________ to maintain a concentration

Answer 34

ABP binds to testosterone -> maintains concentration

Question 35

The level of inhibin regulates ____ and production of ______

Answer 35

FSH, sperm

Question 36

What does the testis and epididymis do

Answer 36

Testies: coiled system that stores and transmits sperm Epididymis: sperm acquire motility -> also storage

Question 37

How is semen made and how does urine not mix with this

Answer 37

Made by mixing sperm with gland secretions Sphincter closes off bladder connection to urethra

Question 38

Infertility in males

Answer 38

20 million per ml is infertile Need viagra to increase blood flow to organ to have erection Vasectomy - surgical infertility, remove vas deferens