RESEARCH EXAM 3-- CH 18 & 19 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in RESEARCH EXAM 3-- CH 18 & 19 Deck (74)
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1
Q

ϖ Research that integrates qualitative and quantitative data and strategies in a single study or coordinated set of studies (qualitative first and see where that leads then follow it up with a quantitative study)

A

Mixed Method Research

2
Q

advantages of mixed method research

A

complementarity
incrementally
enhanced validity

3
Q

to measure content two different ways using mixed methods (some quantitatively and some qualitatively)

A

• Triangulation

4
Q

Purposes and Applications of Mixed Method Research

A

developmental work

hypothesis generation and testing

explication

theory building, testing, and refinement

5
Q

• Qualitative and quantitative data are collected at the same time

A

concurrent

6
Q

• Qualitative and quantitative data are not collected at the same time, but in sequence

(one after another)

A

sequential

7
Q

o QUAL + QUAN
o Collected simultaneously with equal priority

same time and equally important

A

convergent parallel design

8
Q

convergent parallel design are often called

A

triangulation design

9
Q
o	QUAL (quan) or QUAN (qual)
o	One type of data is being used to support the other data
A

ϖ Embedded design

10
Q

o QUAN —> qual

o Quantitative collected first -priority

A

ϖ Explanatory design

11
Q

QUAL—> quan or

QUAL —->QUAN

A

ϖ Exploratory design

12
Q

what always comes first in exploratory design

A

qualitative

13
Q

• Studies that develop clinical interventions and test their efficacy and effectiveness

A

clinical trials

14
Q

clinical trials May be conducted in ___ phases

A

4

15
Q

♣ Designed to establish safety, tolerance, and dose

♣ Focus – developing best treatment

A

phase I

16
Q

♣ Usually looking for side-effects, does treatment hold promise, identify possible refinements

A

phase II

17
Q

♣ Often in multiple sites; sometimes called an efficacy study

A

phase III

18
Q

♣ Effectiveness of an intervention in general population

♣ Emphasis on generalizability

A

phase IV

19
Q

• Examines how well a specific program, practice, procedure, or policy is working

A

evaluation research

20
Q

♣ Gives us descriptive information about how a process is getting implemented and how it’s actually functioning

A

process analysis

21
Q

♣ Seeking to identify the net impact of the program
♣ Did our program really work, or is something else cause the changes that I’m seeing? – Impacts can attribute to program

A

impact anlysis

22
Q

♣ Same thing as cost analysis

♣ Assesses whether the programs benefits outweigh its monetary costs

A

economic analysis

23
Q

o Designed to document the quality and effectiveness of healthcare and nursing services

A

ϖ Health services research

24
Q

o Often focuses on parts of a health care quality model developed by Donabedian

A

ϖ Outcomes Research

25
Q

key concepts in outcomes research

A

structure of care

processes

outcomes

26
Q

o Broad organizational and administrative features

A

structure of care

27
Q

involves clinical management

A

processes

28
Q

end results of patient care

A

outcomes

29
Q

o Obtains information (via self-reports) on the prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of variables in a population

A

survey research

30
Q

o Secures information about people’s actions, intentions, knowledge, characteristics, opinions, and attitudes by self report

A

survey research

31
Q

QUANTITATIVE data surveys may be?

A

cross-sectional or longitudinal

32
Q

modes of collecting survey data:

A

Personal (face-to-face) interviews
• Telephone interviews
• Self-administered questionnaires

33
Q

tend to yield the highest quality data but are very expensive

A

Personal interviews

34
Q

o Study that used previously gathered data to address new questions

A

secondary analysis

35
Q

o Can be undertaken with qualitative or quantitative data

A

secondary analysis

36
Q

o Cost-effective; data collection is expensive and time-consuming

A

secondary analysis

37
Q

disadvantage of secondary analysis

A

may not be aware of data quality problems

typically faces “if only” issues.

38
Q

o Studies that focus on development, validation, and evaluation of research tools and instruments

o Can involve qualitative or quantitative data

A

ϖ Methodologic research

39
Q

ex of Methodologic research

A
  • Developing and testing a new data collection instrument

* Testing the effectiveness of stipends in facilitating recruitment

40
Q
Which of the following would involve an intervention?
A.	Survey research
B.	Clinical trials
C.	Secondary analyses
D.	Methodologic research
A

clinical trials

41
Q

During Which phase of a full clinical trial would an efficacy study be done?

A

phase III

42
Q

ϖ The systematic and rigorous integration and synthesis of evidence is a cornerstone of EBP

A

Research Integration and Synthesis

43
Q

ϖ Impossible to develop “_____ ______” guidelines, protocols, and procedures without organizing and evaluating research evidence through a systematic review

A

“best practice”

44
Q

ϖ Forms of systematic reviews:

A

meta analysis

meta synthesis

45
Q

o Statistical integration of results used to compute common effect size

QUANTITATIVE

A

meta-analysis

46
Q

o Theoretical integration and interpretation of QUALITATIVE findings

A

meta-synthesis

47
Q

meta analysis advantages:

A

offers objectivity

increased power

48
Q

how does meta analysis offer objectivity:

A

o Statistical integration eliminates bias in drawing conclusions when results in different studies are at odds.

49
Q

increased power of meta-analysis

A

• Reducing the risk of a type II error compared to a single study

50
Q

research questions or hypothesis in meta-analysis should be essentially ____ across studies.

A

identical

51
Q

o Must be a sufficient _____ ____ for statistical integration

♣ Must be enough studies of acceptable quality

(META-ANALYSIS)

A

knowledge base

52
Q

♣ In a meta-analysis Results can be varied but not totally

A

at odds

53
Q

ϖ Steps in a meta-analysis

A

problem formulation

design of meta analysis

search for evidence in literature

54
Q

• Delineate research question or hypothesis to be tested

A

problem formulation

55
Q

o Identify sampling criteria for studies to be included

A

design of meta analysis

56
Q

• Develop and implement a search strategy in what step

A

o Search for Evidence in Literature

57
Q

• Search Strategy

A

− Identify electronic databases to use
− Identify additional search strategies (ancestry approach)
− Decide whether or not to pursue to gray literature
− Identify keywords for the search

♣ Think creatively and broadly

58
Q

unpublished reports

A

gray literature

59
Q

• Meta-analysts must make decisions about handling _____ ____.

A

study quality

60
Q

approaches for making decisions about handling study quality

A

o Omit low-quality studies (ex. in intervention studies, non-RCTs)
o Give more weight to high-quality studies
o Analyze low- and high-quality studies to see if effects differ (sensitivity analysis)

61
Q

Analyze low- and high-quality studies to see if effects differ

A

sensitivity analysis

62
Q

• Evaluations of study quality can use:

A

a scale approach or a

component approach

63
Q

− Results (effects) inevitably vary from one study to the next

A

heterogeneity

64
Q

major question for heterogeneity

A

: is heterogeneity just random fluctuations?

65
Q

if yes: then a ____ ___ ____ of analysis can be used

A

fixed effects model

66
Q

if no: then a ____ ____ model should be used

A

random effects

67
Q

can be formally tested

A

− Heterogeneity

68
Q

o Visual inspection relies on the construction of

A

forest plots

69
Q

Low Heterogeneity

A

very similar data

GOOD

70
Q

High heterogeneity

A

♣ studies had way different results – not appropriate to do meta analysis on “all over the map”

71
Q

what your calculating in meta-analysis

A

effect size

72
Q

− Factors influencing variation of affects is usually explored via ____ _____ (moderator analysis)

A

subgroup analysis

73
Q

helps you understand where variations are coming from

A

subgroup analysis

74
Q

do variations relate to:

A

participant characteristics

methods

intervention characteristics