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DENT 1520 > Research Methodology > Flashcards

Research Methodology Flashcards

1
Q

Background Questions

A
  • general knowledge questions
  • learn about particular disorder/drug therapy
  • impact of patients health and prescription/OTC drugs
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2
Q

JADA

A

-author names: last name space 1st Initial of first and middle
have all names—if more than 6 then put et al

each name has a comma in between and period at the end

jr or sr follows after initials

  • no credentials
  • article—original style
  • capitalize—1st letter of 1st word in title, proper names
  • abbreviations are capialized
  • abbreviate—journal title to pubmed
  • year of publication w/ semicolon and then volume # and Issue # in parenthesis w/ colon and then page numbers
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3
Q

Ethical Responsibility

A
  • Meaningful
  • Unbiased
  • Statistically verifiable
  • NO conflict of interest
  • Obligation to publish
  • Honesty and integrity
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4
Q

How humans are protected in research

A
  • Primary professional purpose
  • Guiding principles
  • Use of control groups
  • Evolution of regulations for the conduct of research involving human subjects
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5
Q

Personal Autonomy

A
  • individual decide for himself what is appropriate
  • guardians/parents
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6
Q

Beneficience

A
  • attend to well being of patient
  • max benefits, minimize harm
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7
Q

Justice

A
  • fariness in research
  • equal distribution of benefits/burdens
  • fair selection
  • no discrimination
  • equal odds
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8
Q

History of Regulatory Groups

A
  • Nuremberg Code—voluntary consent
  • Declaration of Helsinki—review of research
  • National Research Act—regulations
  • HIPPA—privacy/ confidentiality
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9
Q

IRB

A
  • institutional review board
  • composition
  • review
  • expediated
  • exempt
  • guidelines

-5 members—not all 1 gender, not froms ame profession, one non science, one non affiliate

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10
Q

Expediated Review

A
  • non invasive procedure
  • moderate exercise by adults
  • faster
  • chairman & 1 member
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11
Q

Exempt Reviews

A
  • surveys/interviews
  • 2ndar analysis of coded data
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12
Q

Informed Consent

A
  • information elements
  • consent elements
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13
Q

Subjects be fully informed

A
  • why selected
  • confidentiality
  • risks
  • benefits

-use lay language—basic, clear, low education level and available for questions

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14
Q

Consent Elements

A
  • voluntary
  • consider vulnerable subjects(kids, prisoners, students, elderly)
  • freedome to withdraw
  • form
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15
Q

Informed Consent Form

A
  • signatures= patient/subject, researcher, witness
  • nonbinding agreement
  • researcher is liable

-not needed for retrospective studies

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16
Q

Pubmed/central keywords

A
  • author names
  • journal names
  • mesh terms
  • articles titles
  • abstracts
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17
Q

Peer Reviewed Journals

A
  • sent to other scholars in same field
  • looking for opinion on quality/ relevance to field
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18
Q

Key Points

A
  • efficient
  • succinct
  • interesting
  • clarity
  • grabs readers attention
  • new ideas
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19
Q

Effective Poster

A

-professional=
black/blue background w/ white type and yellow accent
white background w/ black type and blue accent

-font=
title=sans serif, bold
remainder= serif (times)
left justified
readable from 5-6 ft

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20
Q

Poster—Title & authors

A

-title= informative and interesting—10 words or less
visible from 10 ft

-author= presenting author is first, senior author is last

21
Q

Poster abstract

A
  • clear & concise
  • background, hypothesis, materials/methods, summary, clin relevance

•IMRAD is an acronym for Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion.

22
Q

Evidence Based Dentistry

A
  • ask
  • access
  • appraise
  • apply
  • assess
23
Q

PICO

A
  • problem/patient
  • intervention
  • comparison
  • outcome
24
Q

Why are measurements used

A

–Precision
–Prevents ambiguity
–Descriptive
–Decision making/conclusions
–Evaluate condition/response to treatment

25
Q

1-Numeral
2-number

A

1-symbol/qualitative

2-quantitative

26
Q

noir

A

n-nominal—no real number

-no order, mutually exclusive

male vs female, right hand/left hand, old vs young

27
Q

noir

A
  • ordinal—1 propery of real number
  • order
  • pain scale—ICDAS
28
Q

noir

A
  • integers—2/3 properities of real #
  • no absolute zero
  • farenheit and BP
  • perio probing
29
Q

noir

A
  • ratio—all properties of real number
  • height and weight
30
Q

1-reliability
2-vailidity

A
  • measurement is repeatable
  • reproducible/dependable

2-measuring what it is supposed to measure

—if high reliability doesnt always mean high validity

31
Q

1-systematic error
2-random error

A

1-predicatable, consistent, biased, can correct for it—-not a problem

2-change, unpredictable, impacts reliability

32
Q

1-tester/rater
2-instrument
3-variability of measured characteristic
4-intra rater
4-inter rater

A

1-person performing measurement

2-actual instrument

3-parameter changes w/ time/conditions

4-w/in

5-between

33
Q

1-Face Validity
2-content validity
3-criterion related validity
4-concurrent validity

A

1-measure waht its supposed to measure—-scale/perio probe

2-survey, questionaires, interviews

3-most practical, objective, and sound
target vs gold standard
gutta filling vs new test material

4-measurement validated and criterion are taken concurrently—clinical measure of BG vs home kit

34
Q

1-predictive validity

A

1-predictor of future criterion—DAT score for Dent school——caries risk assessment=predictive

2-pretreatment to decide action/treatment—perio probings for scaling

35
Q

Validity of Change

A
  • level of measurement
  • reliability
  • stability
  • linearity
36
Q

1-diagnosis question
2-therapy question
3-prognosis question
4-harm/etiology

A

1-blind comparison to gold standard

2-RCT>cohort>casecontrol>case series

3-cohort study>case control> case series

4-RCT> cohort>case control> case series

37
Q

Case Reports/Case Series

A
  • 1 patient= report 2 or more=series
  • unique occurence/condition
  • anaylze and understand factors important to etiology, care, and outcome of subjects problems
  • discovers new relationships
38
Q

Case Study Format

A
  • medical history
  • treatment plan
  • lit review
  • documentation
  • data
39
Q

Case Study Adv/Disadv

A

adv= no comparison group
unique circumstance

disadv= no control
no comparison group
no generalizability

40
Q

Cohort Studies

A
  • follows over time
  • prospective= data collected in present/follow progress through treatment
41
Q

Cohort Adv/Disadv

A

Adv- greater control
same subjects
good for multiple disorders

Disadv- not good for uncommon disease
time
expense

42
Q

Retrospective

A
  • look backward—exposed/developed
  • more info source via databases

but you have no control or reliability of data

43
Q

Case Control Study

A

-patients who have it CASE w/ people who dont CONTROLS

adv- easy to get ppl
rare disorders
analyzing w/ long latency

disadv- unclear time
bias
not proportional to population

44
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial

A

-gold standard
-experimental group—exposure
-control group—placebo/no treatment
follow groups to determine outcome

45
Q

1-therapeutic study
2-preventive trials
3-independent variable
4-subjects
5-Control Group

A

1-effect of treatment on disease

2-does procedure reduce risk of disease

3-manipulated by investigator

4-randomly assigned to groups

5-incorporated for comparison

46
Q

1-active independent variable
2-attribute independent variable

A

1-manipulated by researcher—control vs new treatment

2-cant be manipulate dby researcher—characterstics—gender, age, occupation

independent variable is a combination of both

47
Q

1-Random Assignment
2-blinding

A

1-each subject has equal chance of being assigned to a group
-assume equivalence but its not guarunteed

—random numbers table

2-validity, reduce biase, double blind( both researcher/ subject dont know whats happening)

48
Q

1-ex vivo
2-in vitro

A

1-out of living
tissue
teeth/tissues

2-in flass
cell
amelo/odontoblasts

49
Q

Ex vivo/In vitro Adv/Disadv

A

adv- more control
selective
multiple tests at once

disdv-applicable to real life?
no contributing factors—stress, diet, etc

DENT 1520 (8 decks)

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