respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration

A

the process of breacking down glucose to produce energy that can be used in a cell (ATP)

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2
Q

what is the equation for respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide and water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 38ATP

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3
Q

What are the stages of respiration

A

Glycolysis
(Link Reaction)
Kreb Cycle
Electron transport chain (Oxidative phosphorylation)

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4
Q

which stage of respiration is present in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis

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5
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

describe the process of glycolysis

A
  • Glucose is phosphorylated to make glucose phosphate- 6 carbon (1 ATP USED)
  • Glucose phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose bisphosphate -6 carbon- (1 ATP USED)
  • Fructose Bisphosphate is split into 2 molecules of triose phoshate
  • each triose phosphate molecule is oxidised to pyruvate (1 NAD->NADH and 2ADP->2ATP per molecule of pyruvate)
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8
Q

What is the net gain of Glycolysis

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

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9
Q

what is NAD

A

Coenzyme that gets reduced to NADH

NADH is a reducing agent

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10
Q

what happens to Pyruvate in anaerobic conditions

A

NADH reduces pyruvate to lactate releasing 1 ATP

or ethanol in yeast

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11
Q

what is the link reaction

A

pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix

2 Pyruvate are decarboxylated (CO2 is removed and NAD->NADH) to acetate which joins with co enzyme A to form ACETYL CO A

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12
Q

describe the process of the Kreb cycle

A

Acetyl Co A reacts with 4 carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form 6 carbon molecule and releases Co A

6 carbon molecule decarboxylated -> 5 carbon compound (reduced NAD formed) (CO2 released

5 carbon compound-> 4 carbon compound (reduced NAD FORMED, ATP FORMED) (CO2 released

4 carbon compound-> 4 Carbon compound (reduced FAD released)

4 carbon compound-> 4 carbon compound (oxaloacetate) (reduced NAD)

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13
Q

what is the product of the Kreb cycle for 1 molecule of Glucose

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2

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14
Q

where is the electron transport chain

A

inner membrane of the mitochondrion

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15
Q

what process happens in the electron transport chain

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

how many reducing agents enter the ETC from 1 molecule of glucose

A
10 NADH (2 from glycolysis, 2 from link reaction, 6 from Kreb cycle)
2FADH (from Kreb cycle)
17
Q

how many molecules of ATP are produced (indirectly) by NADH

A

3 molecules ATP

18
Q

how many molecules of ATP are produced (indirectly) by FADH

A

2 molecules ATP

19
Q

how does the electron transport chain work

A
  • NADH loses its electron to the first complex in the electron transport chain. H+ is released from NADH-> NAD+
  • the electron now in the first electron accepting complex is at a lower energy level. the energy lost is used to actively pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space
  • FADH2 also loses its electron and H+ further down the chain.
  • The H+ diffuses down its concentration gradient back across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase which uses the chemosmotic gradient to produce ATP
20
Q

what other organic substances can be used in respiration

A

Lipids
proteins
both are added into the kreb cycle.

21
Q

how are lipids used in respiration

A

fatty acid and glycerol are hydrolysed

fatty acid broken into acetyl and join with co A to enter Kreb cycle