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PHGY-210 > Respiration - Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Respiration - Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which system is the low pressure system?

A

the pulmonary system

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2
Q

Which system is the high pressure system?

A

the systemic system

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3
Q

During its systole, what pressure does the right ventricle develop?

A

25 mmHg

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4
Q

During its systole, what pressure does the left ventricle develop?

A

120 mmHg

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5
Q

What happens to the pressure in the right ventricle when systole ends?

A

it falls to atmospheric pressure (0)

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6
Q

During diastole, what pressure does the pulmonary circulation have?

A

8 mmHg

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7
Q

What is the mean pulmonary arterial pressure?

A

15 mmHg

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8
Q

What is the mean left arterial pressure?

A

5 mmHg

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9
Q

The drop in pressure of the pulmonary circulation is ___ of the drop in pressure of the systemic circulation

A

1/10

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10
Q

What is the formula for flow?

A

flow = pressure/resistance

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11
Q

What does the low vascular resistance in the pulmonary circulation rely on?

A

the thin walls of the vascular system

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12
Q

What allows the lungs to accept the whole cardiac output at all times?

A

the low vascular resistance and high compliance of the pulmonary circulation

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13
Q

What kind of resistance does the pulmonary system have?

A

low resistance

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14
Q

What is the cardiac output of each system?

A

the same

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15
Q

What kind of blood vessel walls are there in the pulmonary circulation?

A

thin and contain less smooth muscle than comparable vessels in the systemic circulation (offer less resistance)

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16
Q

What happens to pulmonary resistance as pulmonary blood flow increases?

A

it decreases

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17
Q

What happens during recruitment of closed vessels?

A

more blood vessels open = less resistance = more blood flow

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18
Q

What happens during distention of blood vessels?

A

the blood vessels perfused may become wider = less resistance

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19
Q

What are the 2 ways resistance can decrease?

A

recruitment and distention

20
Q

Which drugs cause contraction of smooth muscle?

A

serotonin, histamine and norepinephrine

21
Q

What do serotonin, histamine and norepinephrine do to pulmonary vascular resistance in larger pulmonary arteries?

A

they increase it

22
Q

Which drugs relax smooth muscle?

A

acetylcholine and isoproteranol

23
Q

What does acetylcholine and isoproteranol do to pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

they increase it

24
Q

What happens in regions of the lungs that are poorly oxygenated?

A

there is a reflex vasoconstriction

25
Q

What produces nitric oxide?

A

endothelial cells

26
Q

Which drug relaxes vascular smooth muscle?

A

nitric oxide

27
Q

What does nitric oxide lead to?

A

vasodilation

28
Q

What is pulmonary blood flow affected by?

A

gravity

29
Q

In the upright position, how does blood flow increase?

A

linearly from top to bottom of the lungs

30
Q

Why are the vessels more distended toward the bottom of the lungs?

A

because gravity increases vascular pressure

31
Q

How can the pulmonary capillaries be if alveolar pressure is greater than blood pressure in the capillaries?

A

compressed

32
Q

Where is there more blood flow, at the bottom of the lungs or at the top?

A

the bottom

33
Q

What causes an uneven distribution of blood flow from the top to bottom of the lung

A

the hydrostatic pressure of the blood

34
Q

What are the 3 zones of the lungs?

A

top, middle, bottom

35
Q

How is the pulmonary arterial pressure vs the alveolar pressure in the top zone of the lungs?

A

pulmonary arterial pressure < the alveolar pressure

36
Q

What happens to the capillaries in the top zone of the lungs?

A

they are compressed

37
Q

How is the pulmonary arterial pressure vs the alveolar pressure vs venous pressure in the middle zone?

A

pulmonary arterial pressure > the alveolar pressure > venous pressure

38
Q

What does the flow depend on in the middle zone of the lungs?

A

the difference between arterial and alveolar pressures

39
Q

How is the pulmonary arterial pressure vs the alveolar pressure vs venous pressure in the bottom zone of the lungs?

A

pulmonary arterial pressure > venous pressure > alveolar pressure

40
Q

What does the flow depend on in the bottom zone of the lungs?

A

the arterio-venous pressure difference

41
Q

What affects the distribution of ventilation?

A

gravity

42
Q

In an upright lung at rest, what happens to the alveoli at the top of the lungs?

A

they are more opened than the bottom ones

43
Q

During breathing, are the alveoli at the top of the lungs or at the bottom of the lungs opened wider?

A

the alveoli from the bottom of the lungs

44
Q

Why is there more fresh air at the bottom of the lungs?

A

because that is where the greater change in pressure happens

45
Q

Ventilation increases slowly from ___ to ___ of the lung but blood flow increases more rapidly.

A

top, bottom

46
Q

How is the ventilation-perfusion ratio at the top vs at the bottom?

A

it is abnormally high at the top and much lower at the bottom

47
Q

What is Fick’s principle?

A

O2 consumption per minute is equal to the O2 taken up by the blood in the lungs in one minute

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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