Respiratory 2

Question 1

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 1

T4 - sternal angle - into 2 bronchi

Question 2

How many secondary bronchi do we have?

Answer 2

Right - 3 and left - 2

Question 3

Where does the hyaline cartilage end?

Answer 3

Conducting bronchioles - when bronchi turns to bronchioles

Question 4

How many lobes and fissures does the lung have?

Answer 4

Right has 3 lobes - superior, horizontal fissure, middle, oblique fissure and inferior

Left has 2 lobes - superior, oblique fissure and inferior

Question 5

How many borders does the lung have and what are their features?

Answer 5

Anterior is sharp and vertical
Posterior is round and smooth
Inferior is bottom and dome shapes

Question 6

How many surfaces does the lung have and what are they?

Answer 6

3 surfaces
Costal is outer - convex
Mediastinal is concave in middle where organs are found
Diaphragmatic is inferior - dome shaped as attached to diaphragm

Question 7

Root vs Hilum?

Answer 7

Root is found in Hilum area of lung. It’s where bronchus, arteries, veins, nerves etc enter or exit the lung

Question 8

How are structures organised in the Hilum?

Answer 8

Both lobes have pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and bronchus, but positions and organisation of each differ in the Hilum of each lobe

Question 9

What is found in the left lungs mediastinal surface? (5)

Answer 9

Heart cardiac impression, aorta (aortic impression), descending thoracic aorta, oesophagus and left vagus nerve

Question 10

What is found in the right lungs mediastinal surface? (4)

Answer 10

Heart cardiac impression, superior and inferior vena cava, azygous vein

Question 11

How many bronchial arteries do we have and where? What do they do?

Answer 11

Yes, 2 on the left and 1 on the right
Supply nutrition to lungs
much higher pressure than pulmonary arteries

Question 12

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 12

10 segment on each lung. Have clinical use

Question 13

What nervous innervation do we have for the lungs?

Answer 13

Pulmonary plexus and Phrenic nerve

Question 14

What is the innervation to the lung pleura?

Answer 14

Visceral is autonomic - cant feel pain
Parietal is served by somatic nerves - it can feel pain

Question 15

What is the pleural reflection and pleural recess?

Answer 15

Reflection is place where parietal pleura changes direction of travel
Recess is increased space between layers of pleura at pleural reflection

Question 16

What are the 4 sections of pleura?

Answer 16

Cervical parietal pleura, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura and mediastianal pleura

Question 17

What is the costomediastinal reflection point?

Answer 17

Where the name of parietal pleura changed due to reflection

Question 18

What does the pulmonary plexus split into and its functions?

Answer 18

Sympathetic innervation from T2-T5 causes bronchodilation and constriction of pulmonary vessels

Parasympathetic innervation comes from the vagus nerve ad causes bronchoconstriction, dilation of pulmonary vessels and glandular secretion

Question 19

What is the diaphragmatic superior surface made from?

Answer 19

parietal pleura

Question 20

What vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 20

T4

Question 21

What vertebral level foes the trachea begin?

Answer 21

C6

Question 22

Which bronchus are aspirated objects more likely to pass?

Answer 22

left as its shorter, wider and more vertical than right

Question 23

What is the surface anatomy of the oblique fissure on both lungs?

Answer 23

starts at 3rd thoracic spine and ends at 6th costal cartilage

Question 24

What is the surface anatomy of the horizontal fissure?

Answer 24

4th right costal cartilage and meets oblique fissure posteriorly

Question 25

Whatare the landmarks of the lungs at the mid clavicular, midaxillary and midscapular line?

Answer 25

T6, T8, T10

Question 26

What is the landmarks of the parietal pleura at the mid clavicular, midaxillary and midscapular line?

Answer 26

T8, T10, T12

Question 27

Where is the heart found anatomically?

Answer 27

found in the anterior border of the left lung from ribs 4-6

Question 28

The oblique and horizontal fissures follow the route of which ribs?

Answer 28

oblique - 6th
horizontal - 4th

Question 29

Where would you insert a needle for lung aspiration?

Answer 29

5th to 9th intercostal spaces midaxillary line. if in 10th, abdominal cavity may be penetrated

Question 30

Where would you insert a needle for heart?

Answer 30

cardiac notch between ribs 4-6 anteriorly