respiratory Flashcards
examples of viral infective agents
adenovirus influenza A, B RSV - respiratory syncytial virus para'flu I, III rhinovirus
examples of bacterial infective agents
H influenzae, M catarrhalis, streptococci, B haemolytic S pyogenes, Non hameolyic S pneumoniae, S aureus, mycoplasma
give examples of URTI
rhinitis, ottitis media, tonsilitis/pharyngitis, croup, epiglottitis
what is rhinitis and its management
presents with a runny nose, usually self limiting, v common 5-10/ year, winter mainly, no antibiotic. can be a prodrome to illness - meningitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, septicaemia
what is otitis media and its management ?
common, erythematous ear canal with bulging drum seen. can be primary viral infection or secondary bacterial infection ( pneumococcus. H’flu). drum will rupture spontaneously - antibiotics usually dont help - give analgesia and review if needed
tonsilitis/ pharyngitis management ?
viral or bacterial ?
swabs would take 48 hours to come back. can do swab and then get patient to call in 48 hours. either nothing or 10 day penicillin
croup, cause, presentation and treatment ?
para’flu 1, common, barking cough ,stridor , coryza, but systemically well child, treat with oral dexamethasone
epiglottitis, cause , presentation and treatment ?
H influenzae B, rare but severe, will have stridor, drooling - needs intubation and antibiotics
examples of LRTIs
tracheitis, broncitis, bronciolitis, pneumonia, pertussis, empyaema
what is tracheitis and its treatment
croup that doesnt resolve, sick child and fever, inflammed tracheal wall and luminal debris -> narrow tracheal lumen. caused by staph or strep. treat with augmentin
bronchitis and its treatment ?
very common endobronial infection. loose rattly cough with URTI. post-tussive vomit. chest free of wheeze or creps. caused by haemophilus/pneumococcus. mostly self limting - no antibiotics
what causes bacterial bronchitis and its treatment?
disturbed muco-ciliary clearance - minor airway malacia and RSV/ adenovirus. infection secondary. History - follows URTI, lasts 4 weeks- gets better by 3rd winter - pneumococcus/ H flu. Persistent: wet cough, more than a month, remission with antibiotics.
what are red flag signs in bronchitis?
age <6 months or >4 years static weight disrupts childs life associated SOB when not coughing acute admission
what is bronchiolitis and its treatment
common in infants. caused by RSV, paraflu III, HMPV. presents with nasal stuffiness, tachypnoea, poor feeding. will have crackles +/- wheeze. < 12 months old. ONE off NOT recurrent. management - minimal intervention, maximal observation - have a nasopharyngeal airway and monitor oxygen sats.
how does CA pneumonia present and how is it managed?
bronchial breath sounds, fever, SOB, cough, grunting. pneumonia is focal sings + creps + fever. cause can be mixed, viral or bacteria pneumococcus, mycoplasma.
Mx: if mild do nothing , oral amoxycillin if moderate, only IV if vomiting