respiratory system

Question 1

What is the function of the respiratory system

Answer 1

• provide oxygen to the body with gas exchange
• remove waste product carbon dioxide

Question 2

What are all components of the respiratory system (in order)

Answer 2

nasal cavity → pharynx (throat) → larynx (voice box) → trachea (windpipe) → bronchus → alveoli → diaphragm

Question 3

What is the nasal cavity and its function

Answer 3

what:
the open area behind the nose
→ lined with mucus and cilia

function:
- warms the air
- provides moisture to the air
- filters and cleans the air

Question 4

What is the pharynx and its function

Answer 4

what:
the muscular passage that is your throat

function:
- passes the air down towards the larynx

Question 5

What is the larynx and its function

Answer 5

what:
piece of cartilage that protects the two vocal folds of tissue

function:
- allows us to speak
- pitch and sound are specific to each person

Question 6

What is the trachea and its function

Answer 6

what:
a tube-like structure made of rigid cartilage
→ inside is lined with goblet cells and cilia to prevent foreign molecules from entering

function:
- the mucus and cilia work to filter dust, bacteria, and pollen
- anything unwanted is discarded in the form of a cough or sneeze

Question 7

What is the bronchus (bronchi) and its function

Answer 7

what:
trachea leads down to the bronchi which are split up into 2 individual bronchus
→ leads into the lungs by an extension part called the bronchiole
→ the bronchiole has spherical attachments called alveoli

function:
- gas exchange, happens in the alveoli which provides a larger surface area for the capillaries to perform the gas exchange
- capillaries are very thin which allows the gas exchange through diffusion
- thin capillaries also make it relatively harder for viruses and bacteria to pass

Question 8

Capillaries carry red blood cells, what is the path of the red blood cell and how does it carry the oxygen towards the lungs

Answer 8

→ the capillaries carry red blood cells
→ red blood cells have a protein called haemoglobin
→ oxygen molecules attach to the haemoglobin to be exchanged in the lungs
→ there is no backwards route, once the oxygen has passed through it may not be carried backwards

Question 9

What is the diaphragm and its function

Answer 9

what:
sheet of muscle beneath the lungs
→ in its relaxed position it is at a slight tilt

function:
- inhale, diaphragm contracts and shift downwards
- exhale, diaphragm relaxes and shifts to its original spot

★ the oxygen levels in your diaphragm differ in concentration

Question 10

What are the 3 main effects that smoking can have on your respiratory system

Answer 10

→ emphysema
alveoli walls fuse together, which reduces the surface area for gas exchange.
→ damaged cilia in the trachea
alters the efficiency, which means bacteria and unwanted molecules are not discarded as effectively
→ tar build-up
decreases overall respiration, makes it harder to breathe because it forms a sort of sticky layer inside the lungs

Question 11

What is the flow chart of the effects of body movement

Answer 11

→ breathe in and out
→ muscles contract = diaphragm moves down (out)
→ pulls air into your mouth and nose
– which is made up of epithelial
cells (outer layer)
★ has hair-like structures, such
as cilia
→ secretes mucus
→ keeps out dust, bacteria,
and pollen
- makes boogers!

Question 12

What is Diffusion

Answer 12

• substance moves from area of high concentration to areas of low concentration
  → happens until molecules on both sides are balanced
  ★ cell membrane is semi-permeable

Question 13

What is an example of Diffusion

Answer 13

gas exchange in the lungs
- air in alveoli has a higher concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide in comparison to the blood
- oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood
- carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli

Question 14

What is Osmosis

Answer 14

the diffusion of water
★ ONLY water molecules can pass the membrane
→ water can diffuse in and out of the cell based on the concentration
→happens until molecules on both sides are balanced

Question 15

What is an example of Osmosis

Answer 15

the absorption of water through the soil
- plant roots have higher concentrations than the soil so the water flows into the roots
- cell-to-cell movement to the xylem
→ in the xylem, root pressure builds up and water is pushed upwards
★ the water CAN NOT move backwards due to the pericycle
→ a layer of cells that prevents
backwards movement

Question 16

What is Passive Trasport

Answer 16

crossing the membrane without using energy
→ relies on diffusion and concentration gradient

Question 17

What is Active Transport

Answer 17

crossing the membrane using energy (ATP)
→ against the concentration gradient

Question 18

What is an example of Passive and Active Transport

Answer 18

ACTIVE:
→ photosynthesis
- uses energy to move protons across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
PASSIVE:
→ movement of water molecules across the cell membrane
- also known as osmosis