What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- gas exchange
- regulates blood pH
- filters air
- produces sound
What are the main organs of the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs
What is the structural distinction of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory vs. lower respiratory systems
What makes up the upper respiratory system?
nose and pharynx
What makes up the lower respiratory system?
larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
What are the functional distinctions of the respiratory system?
conducting zone and the respiratory zone
What structures make up the conducting zone?
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and the bronchial tree (ends after the terminal bronchioles)
What structures make up the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
What is the function of the conducting zone?
- Filters, warms and moistens air
- Conducts that air into the lungs
What is the function of the respiratory zone?
site of gas exchange
What is the nose composed of?
bone (base) and hyaline cartilage (anterior)
What are the important structures of the nose?
- external nares (2)
- nasal cavity
- nasal septum
- turbinates/ conchae
- meatus
- hard palate
- internal nares
What are the external nares of the nose?
openings for air to enter nasal cavity
What is important about the nasal cavity?
it is lined with a mucus membrane
What is the function of the nasal septum?
It separates the right and left nasal cavity
What occur a lot bc of the nasal septum?
Nosebleeds
What are the 3 types of turbinates/conchae?
Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
What is the function of the nasal meatus?
increases surface area and warms and humidifies air
what are the 3 types of meatus?
superior, middle and inferior nasal meatus
what is the throat?
The pharynx
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Where is the nasopharynx?
between the internal nares and the soft palate
Where is the oropharynx?
between the soft palate and the hyoid bone
Where is the laryngopharynx?
between the hyoid bone and the esophagus
Where is the soft palate found?
Posterior extension of the hard palate
Where is the uvula?
dangles inferiorly as an extension of the soft palate
What is the purpose of the uvula?
aids in swallowing
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
- Frontal sinus
- Maxillary sinus
- Ethmoidal sinus
- Sphenoidal sinus
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
They are cavities that warm and moisten the air and drain into the nasal cavity
What is the auditory tubes?
tubes that connect the ear to the nasopharnyx
What are the 3 types of tonsils?
- Pharyngeal tonsil
- Palatine tonsil (2)
- Lingual tonsils (2)
What tonsil is most likely to be removed?
Palatine Tonsil
What surgery is the removal of the palatine tonsil?
Tonsillectomy
What is the voicebox?
the larynx
What is the opening into the larynx?
Glottis
What are the 2 categories of cartilages found in the larynx?
Paired and Single cartilages
Where are the paired cartilages of the larynx found?
on the posterior wall of the larynx
What are the 3 types of Paried Cartilages in the larynx?
- Arytenoid Cartilage
- Cuneiform Cartilage
- Corniculate Cartilage
What are the 3 types of Single Cartilages in the larynx?
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Epiglottis
What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?
Thyroid Cartilage
What cartilage in the larynx is responsible for the Adam’s Apple?
Thyroid Cartilage
What cartilage of the larynx forms a complete ring around the neck?
Cricoid cartilage
What specific type of cartilage are all the cartilages in the larynx made out of except for the epiglottis?
Hyaline cartilage
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis made out of?
Elastic cartilage
What are the structures of voice production?
- Vestibular/ Ventricular Folds (False vocal cords)
- Vocal Folds (True vocal cords)
What cartilage is connected to the Vocal Folds (true vocal cords)?
arytenoid cartilages
Define laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx
What is the windpipe?
trachea
Is the trachea anterior or posterior to the esophagus?
Anterior
What muscle is found in the back of the trachea?
trachealis muscle
What is found around the trachea?
rings of tracheal cartilage
What is the function of the trachealis muscle?
changes the diameter of the trachea during inhalation and exhalation
What are the top of the lungs called?
The apex
What are the bottom of the lungs called?
The base
What are the medial side of the lungs called?
The Hilum
How many lobes are in the right and left lung?
right - 3
left - 2
What lobe is missing in the left lung?
the middle lobe
What additional thing is found on the left lung?
The cardiac notch = concave surface where the apex of the heart lies
What is the function of the pleural membrane?
encloses and protects the lungs
What are the layers of the pleural membrane?
- visceral pleura
- pleural cavity
- parietal pleura
What is the order of the bronchial tree?
trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Where is hyaline cartilage found in the bronchial tree?
trachea through the tertiary bronchi
Where is smooth muscle found in the bronchial tree?
from the tertiary bronchi all the way to the end
Where does the conducting zone and the respiratory zone separate in the bronchial tree?
terminal bronchioles
What type of cells are found in the trachea and the primary bronchi?
Pseudostratified cilliated columnar epithelium
What type of cells are found in secondary bronchi?
simple ciliated columnar epithelium
What type of cells are found in tertiary bronchi?
simple ciliated comlumnar epithelium –> simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
What type of cells are found in bronchioles, terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles?
simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
What type of cells are found in respiratory bronchioles?
simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium –> simple squamous epithelium (NO CILIA)
what type of cells are found in alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium
What segment of the trachea splits into the right and left PRIMARY bronchi?
the carina