respiratory system part 3

Question 1

what does optimal gas exchange require

Answer 1

coupling of ventilation and perfusion

Question 2

ventilation-perfusion coupling is the relationship between what

Answer 2

alveolar ventilation and blood flow to alveoli

Question 3

amount of gas reaching alveoli

Answer 3

ventilation

Question 4

blood flow in pulmonary capillaries

Answer 4

perfusion

Question 5

blood not completely ozygenated is what

Answer 5

shunted blood

Question 6

what is anatomical shunt

Answer 6

due to deoxygenated blood from bronchi-bronchioles mixing with blood in pulmonary veins

Question 7

what is a physiological shunt

Answer 7

combo of anatomincal shunt and incompletely oxygenated blood from alveoli= 1-2% of cardiac output

Question 8

when does distripution of ventilation-perfusion coupling occur

Answer 8

it occurs if insuffiecient blood flow to alveoli and if insufficient air flow to alveoli

Question 9

is less blood flow to alveoli

Answer 9

post MI with inadequate cardiac output
body position

Question 10

standing=

Answer 10

increased gas exchange in lung bases

Question 11

if less ventilation to alveoli

Answer 11

pulmonary capillaries not fully oxygenated
pneumonia
pulmonary edema

Question 12

what is ventilatioin- perfusion coupling controlled by

Answer 12

local autoregulatory mechanisms

Question 13

PO2= partial pressure of oxygen, amount of oxygen gas dissolved in blood=

Answer 13

controls perfusion via change in arteriole diameter

Question 14

PCO2 = Partial Pressure of CO2 , Amount of CO2 within Arterial or Venous Blood=

Answer 14

controls ventilation via change in bronchiole diameter

Question 15

what is used by cells to make atp from glucose

Answer 15

O2

Question 16

what is Hgb

Answer 16

protein in RBC that transports O2 and CO2 in the blood

Question 17

what percentage is bound to Hgb within RBC

Answer 17

98.5= 4 oxygen

Question 18

how much is dissolved in plasma

Answer 18

1.5%

Question 19

what is formed as a by-product of breakdown of glucose when cells use O2 to produce ATP

Answer 19

CO2

Question 20

what percentage of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ion

Answer 20

70%

Question 21

what percentage of CO2 is bound to Hgb within RBCS

Answer 21

23%

Question 22

what % of CO2 is dissolved in plasma

Answer 22

7

Question 23

tight regulation of CO2 in blood is due to what

Answer 23

excessive CO2 leading to acidic blood

Question 24

CO2 binds to what chains in Hgb

Answer 24

alpha and beta

Question 25

the smaller the amount of oxygen->

Answer 25

the greater the amount of CO2 that can bind

Question 26

The smaller the amount of Oxygen  the greater the amount of CO2 that can bind

Answer 26

haldane effect

Question 27

gas exchange in tissues

Answer 27

1. In the tissue, CO2 diffuses into the plasma and into the blood cells. 2. In the red blood cells, CO2 reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). 3. Carbonic acid dissociates to form bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) and hydrogen ions (H+). 4. As HCO3− diffuses out of the red blood cells, electrical neutrality is maintained by the diffusion of chloride ions (Cl−) into them. 5. Oxygen is released from hemoglobin (Hb). Oxygen diffuses out of red blood cells and plasma into the tissue. 6. Hydrogen ions (H+) combine with hemoglobin, which promotes the release of O2 from hemoglobin. 7. Carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin that has released O2 readily combines with CO2 (Haldane effect).

Question 28

gas exchange in the lungs

Answer 28

1. In the lungs, CO2 diffuses from red blood cells and plasma into the alveoli. 2. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the formation of CO2 and H2O from H2CO3. 3. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) and H+ combine to replace H2CO3. 4. As HCO3− diffuses into red blood cells, electrical neutrality is maintained by the diffusion of chloride ions (Cl–) out of them. 5. O2 diffuses into the plasma and into red blood cells. O2 binds to hemoglobin. 6. Hydrogen ions (H+) are released from hemoglobin, which promotes the uptake of O2 by hemoglobin. 7. CO2 is released from hemoglobin. Hemoglobin that is bound to O2 readily releases CO2 (Haldane effect).

Question 29

inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues

Answer 29

hypoxia

Question 30

how is hypoxia viewed

Answer 30

as a cyanotic hue when Hgb saturation is <75%

Question 31

where do u see hypoxia

Answer 31

in nails beds and nucosae

Question 32

different classes of hypoxia

Answer 32

anemic ischemic hypoxemic

Question 33

due to decreased RBCs or abnormal/ decreased Hgb

Answer 33

anemic

Question 34

due to impaired/ blocked blood circulation

Answer 34

ischemic

Question 35

due to reduced arterial PO2 abnormal V-Q coupling, pulmonary diseases, air with decreased oxygen

Answer 35

hypoxemic

Question 36

what is odorless, colorless gas. leading cause of death from fire

Answer 36

carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 37

in carbon monoxide poisoning the Hgb=

Answer 37

200x greater affinity for CO than oxygen

Question 38

S&S of carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 38

confusion H/A skin cherry red

Question 39

Tx for carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 39

hyperbaric therapy or 100% oxygen until CO cleared from body

Question 40

true or normal respiratory rate and rhythm

Answer 40

eupnea

Question 41

Increase in Rate & Depth of Breathing that exceeds the Body’s need to remove CO2. Anxiety Attack. NEVER PRIOR TO SWIM  Drown

Answer 41

hyperventilation

Question 42

= Low CO2 levels in the blood as Blow off CO2  Constriction of Cerebral BV’s  Low Brain Perfusion  Cerebral Ischemia  Dizziness / Faint

Answer 42

hypocapnea

Question 43

symptoms of hypocapnea

Answer 43

tingling and tetany of face and hands due to hypocalcemia as pH up

Question 44

how to counteract hypocanea

Answer 44

breathe in paper bag= expired air, with elevation in CO2

Question 45

Breathing Cessation. Stop breathing voluntarily - Hold breath!! Greater urge to breathe, lose consciousness  Respiratory center resumes Normal automatic control of Pulmonary Ventilation.

Answer 45

apnea

Question 46

during exercise what happens to ventilation

Answer 46

increases

Question 47

how much does ventilation increase during vigorous exercise

Answer 47

10-20 fold

Question 48

increased ventilation to match metabolic needs- not alter oxygen and CO2 levels

Answer 48

hyperpnea

Question 49

a sudden increase in altitude from sea level to >8000 feet casues PO2 and atm pressure to increases or decrease

Answer 49

decrease

Question 50

S&S of acute mountain sickness

Answer 50

H/A SOB nausea dizzy

Question 51

severe AMS

Answer 51

lethal pulmonary and cerebral edema

Question 52

long term AMS

Answer 52

acclimates via increased ventilation and less oxygen available

Question 53

what do kidneys produce

Answer 53

erythropoietin

Question 54

red bone marrow produces

Answer 54

RBCs

Question 55

how to treat AMS

Answer 55

dexamethasone and acetazolamide oxygen lower altitude