Respiratory Tract

Question 1

What lines the respiratory segment of the nose

Answer 1

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 2

What is the olfactory segment of the nose lined with

Answer 2

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and olfactory receptors

Question 3

What is the clinical significance of the olfactory nerve

Answer 3

The only nerve that is able to fully regenerate

Because of this it is used in research

Question 4

What type of cartilage is the nose made of

Answer 4

Hyaline

Question 5

What are the boundaries of the internal portion of the nose

Answer 5

It is inferior to the anterior cranial fossa and it is superior to the mouth

Question 6

What opens to the internal portion of the nose

Answer 6

Paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct

Question 7

What are the functions of the nose

Answer 7

Warming and filtering air which is done via chonchae

Question 8

What is conchae

Answer 8

Thin bony element forming the upper chambers of the nasal cavity and they increase surface area of the nasal cavity and they increase surface area providing for rapid warming and humidifying of the air

Question 9

What are the paranasal sinuses responsible for

Answer 9

Lighten the skull, vocal resonance and modification of speech

Question 10

What are the paranasal sinuses

Answer 10

Air filled spaces within the bones of the skull and face

Question 11

What are the paired paranasal sinuses

Answer 11

Frontal
Sphenoid
Maxillary

Question 12

Why is the maxillary sinus problematic

Answer 12

It drains from the top

Question 13

Why is sinusitis of the maxillary sinus often accompanied with toothache

Answer 13

The floor of it is related to the upper teeth

Question 14

What is an oro-antra fistula

Answer 14

An opening created between a paranasal sinus and the mouth

Abnormal connection between two epithelium lined organs that should not communicate and do not normally connect

Question 15

What does the larynx do

Answer 15

Helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs

Question 16

Where does the larynx lie

Answer 16

C3 - C6

Question 17

Where does the Adam’s apple sit

Answer 17

Thyroid cartilage

Question 18

Why is the Adam’s apple prominent mores in males

Answer 18

Testosterone causes the cartilage to grow forward pulling the voice box with it

Question 19

What are the arytenoid cartilages

Answer 19

Pair of pyramid shaped pieces of cartilage at the back of the larynx which are essential in the production of sound
Attached to the vocal chords

Question 20

What are the corniculate cartilages

Answer 20

Articulate with the arytenoid cartilage as they are attached to it, help in articulating
Made of elastic minor cartilage

Question 21

What are the cuneiform cartilages

Answer 21

Elastic cartilage, supports the epiglottis and vocal folds laterally

Question 22

What is the epiglottis

Answer 22

Elastic cartilage

When contents are swallowed, it acts to cover the larynx

Question 23

What is a cricothyroidotomy

Answer 23

Done when there is a foreign object in the upper airway and is often used when there is an indication of facial trauma or swelling of the glottis

Question 24

Where does the trachea begin

Answer 24

C6

Question 25

What is the smooth muscle that is at the posterior of the trachea

Answer 25

Trachealis

Question 26

Why is a tracheostomy performed

Answer 26

Used for acutely ill patients as a long term mechanical ventilation where failed endotracheal intubation has occurred

Question 27

What is the difference between the left and right bronchus

Answer 27

The right is vertical and greater in diameter and shorter than the left bronchus

Question 28

What type of cell produces surfactant

Answer 28

Type 2

Question 29

Why do premature babies have breathing issues

Answer 29

They do not produce surfactant in time

Question 30

When is surfactant fully developed

Answer 30

Week 36

Question 31

Where do the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct drain

Answer 31

Nasal cavity

Question 32

What type of epithelium lines the nasal conchae

Answer 32

Respiratory epithelium

Question 33

If the conchae become swollen due to infection, what would the impact be on the patient

Answer 33

Blockage of nose/deviated septum, leasing to reduced air flow through the nasal cavity

Question 34

What is unique about the tracheal rings

Answer 34

Incomplete c shaped rings

Question 35

What replaces the deficient area posterior of the trachea where there is no cartilage

Answer 35

Trachealis (smooth muscle)

Question 36

What is the mucociliary escalator

Answer 36

The beating of cilia to move the mucous superiority towards the oropharynx for expulsion or to the stomach for destruction by stomach acid

Question 37

How do you test the nerves of the pharynx

Answer 37

Ask the patient to say ahh and you would see no movement of the uvula

Question 38

Where is a tracheostomy tube placed

Answer 38

2-5th tracheal space

Question 39

What are the complications of a tracheostomy

Answer 39

Stenosis (abnormal narrowing, failure, infection, slippage out of site)

Question 40

What cartilage forms a complete tracheal ring

Answer 40

Cricoid cartilage

Question 41

Why may nodules in the hilum be black

Answer 41

Carbon deposits from macrophages

Question 42

How is a resin lung cast made

Answer 42

Resin injections of different colours to the pulmonary trunk (blue), pulmonary veins (red) and the bronchial tree followed by direction and retrieval

Question 43

What are the divisions that occur after the primary bronchi

Answer 43

Lobar and segmental bronchi

Question 44

What bronchus is a foreign body more likely to go into

Answer 44

The right bronchus

Question 45

How do bronchi divide

Answer 45

Superior and inferior lobe bronchus | Right lung also has middle bronchus

Question 46

What fissures does the right lung contain

Answer 46

Oblique and horizontal

Question 47

What fissures does the left lung contain

Answer 47

Oblique

Question 48

What does the horizontal fissure separate

Answer 48

The middle lobe and the superior lobe