Review of basic concepts

Question 1

RNA is produced from DNA via a process called____

Answer 1

Transcription

Question 2

DNA reproduces itself via a process called_____

Answer 2

Replication

Question 3

RNA then directs the production of proteins through a process called____

Answer 3

translation.

Question 4

Cells that are functioning normally produce and replicate ____ ____ and ____ as indicated in the flow diagram.

Answer 4

Nucleic acid and proteins

Question 5

List two functions of DNA

Answer 5

Stable storage of genetic information & Transmission of genetic information.

Question 6

Stable storage of genetic information is the source of information for synthesis of __ ____.

Answer 6

All proteins

Question 7

Transmission of genetic information is the template for _____ of genetic information.

Answer 7

Replication

Question 8

List four nitrogenous bases found in DNA nucleotides.

Answer 8

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Guanine (G).

Question 9

List two purine base

Answer 9

A and G

Question 10

List two pyrimidines base.

Answer 10

T and C

Question 11

Thymine always binds to ____

Answer 11

Adenine

Question 12

cytosine always binds to ___

Answer 12

Guanine.

Question 13

DNA is a double stranded molecule with ___ arrangement. Which bonds holds the strands together?

Answer 13

Helical; Hydrogen bonds.

Question 14

DNA strands that are bound together are called _______

Answer 14

Complementary strands.

Question 15

The _____ bases make up DNA nucleotides.

Answer 15

Nitrogenous bases

Question 16

Each nucleotide has a _____- _____ - _____ _____

Answer 16

Deoxyribose tri phosphate base

Question 17

The end of each chain that has the phosphate group is called the _____

Answer 17

5’ end

Question 18

The end of each chain that has the OH group is called the ____

Answer 18

3’ end

Question 19

The arrangement in which the two complementary chains have their 5’ and 3’ ends in opposite directions is described as

Answer 19

Antiparallel arrangement

Question 20

The nucleotide complex includes the deoxyribose triphosphate + nitrogenous base. Give a example.

Answer 20

dATP for adenine

Question 21

An enzyme that untwists and separates double stranded DNA strands.

Answer 21

Helicase

Question 22

The point at which the replication takes place is called the

Answer 22

replication fork.

Question 23

An enzyme which attaches to each strand of the DNA and begins adding complementary nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

Answer 23

DNA polymerase

Question 24

One strand which undergo continuous replication by the simple addition of bases that are complementary to the original strand.

Answer 24

Leading strand

Question 25

The other strand which undergo discontinuous replication in pieces of about 1000 base pairs called

Answer 25

Okazaki fragments which happens on lagging strand.

Question 26

An enzyme which fills in the gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

Answer 26

DNA ligase

Question 27

How is RNA differ from DNA?

Answer 27

RNA is single stranded. The sugar in the RNA backbone is ribose. and the nitrogenous base uracil is included in the RNA. Nucleotides in RNA are noted as rATP or ATP rather than dATP as in DNA.

Question 28

Instead of the Thymine found in DNA, what is found in RNA?

Answer 28

Uracil

Question 29

DNA codes for production of ____ during transcription.

Answer 29

mRNA.

Question 30

What are the steps in transcription for production of mRNA.

Answer 30

-2 strands of double stranded DNA separate. -RNA polymerase II binds to appropriate sequence (promoter). - rNTPs pair with complementary bases on the DNA strand. -RNA transcript detaches from DNA, undergoes modi. to become a mature RNA molecule.

Question 31

In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA migrates from the ____ to the ___ to the ____ to ____ ____ ___

Answer 31

nucleus; cytoplasm; ribosomes; direct protein synthesis.

Question 32

Steps involved in translation of RNA into protein.

Answer 32

-mRNA directs amino acid sequence. -21 amino acids involved. - mRNA binds to ribosome, codons are read and tRNA brings correct amino acid. - Ribosome and completed protein dissociate.

Question 33

Specified by 3- nucleotide sequence called a

Answer 33

codon.

Question 34

Bacterial genomes are considerably ___ and __ complex than human genome.

Answer 34

smaller; less

Question 35

Viral genome is between ___ and 1/1000 of a bacterial genome.

Answer 35

1/20 (smaller)

Question 36

A nitrogenous base is attached to the deoxyribose at the ___site

Answer 36

C1

Question 37

The phosphate group is attached to the deoxyribose at the ___ end

Answer 37

C5

Question 38

The phosphate group from another nucleotide attches to make the chain that makes the backbone of the DNA molecule is attached to the deoxyribose at the ___site.

Answer 38

C3