Rights and Responsibilities

Question 1

What is justice?

Answer 1

A behaviour or treatment that is morally fair. Different countries can have different opinions about what justice is.

Question 2

What is fairness?

Answer 2

Treating people equally and according to the circumstances.

Question 3

What is the presumption of innocence?

Answer 3

Someone is innocent until proven guilty in court. The jury must find a defendant guilty before they are treated as a criminal.

Question 4

Which organisation decides if a case goes to court?

Answer 4

The Crown Prosecution Service. They will only refer cases that they think they will win.

Question 5

What are the 3 powers of the police?

Answer 5

Stop and search, arrest, and entry search and seizure.

Question 6

Why is stop and search controversial?

Answer 6

Black men are up to 10 times more likely to get stopped and searched in the UK compared to white men. This shows that there is racial bias within stop and search.

Question 7

What is an example of institutional racism within the police?

Answer 7

Stephen Lawrence was an 18-year-old black teenager who was murdered in a racist attack in 1993. The police investigation into his death was full of mistakes and failures, with important evidence being ignored, partly because the police treated the case poorly due to racial prejudice.

Question 8

What rights do citizens have when they are arrested?

Answer 8

To remain silent, to know why they have been arrested, a phone call, a lawyer, food and water, medical care.

Question 9

What is the difference between criminal law and civil law?

Answer 9

Criminal law deals with people who break the law. Civil law deals with disputes between people or organisations.

Question 10

What are some examples of civil law cases?

Answer 10

M&S VS Aldi - M&S took Aldi to court for copying their Colin the Caterpillar cake. Apple VS Samsung - Apple took Samsung to court for creating a tablet very similar to the iPad.

Question 11

Who are Special Constables?

Answer 11

Members of the public who volunteer to take on police duties on a part-time basis. They will conduct local patrols and take part in crime prevention activities.

Question 12

What is the Judiciary?

Answer 12

The system of courts and judges in the UK.

Question 13

What is the jury?

Answer 13

12 random people picked from the electoral register. They listen to a court case and decide on the verdict.

Question 14

What is the role of a judge?

Answer 14

Keep order in the courtroom. Explain the law to the jury. Decide on the sentence.

Question 15

What is statute law?

Answer 15

Also known as legislation. Law created in parliament. These laws are called Acts.

Question 16

What is common law?

Answer 16

Law that is created by judges. It can be changed and adapted over time.

Question 17

What is the difference between a magistrates court and a crown court?

Answer 17

Magistrates is a low level criminal court. All criminal cases start here. 5% of the most serious cases are referred to a Crown Court. A Crown Court has a jury.

Question 18

What are aggravating and mitigating factors?

Answer 18

Aggravating factors make the sentence worse. Eg: violence during arrest. Mitigating factors make the sentence less harsh. Eg: Pleading guilty, or first time offence.

Question 19

What is a custodial sentence?

Answer 19

A prison sentence.

Question 20

Give 3 examples of non custodial sentences?

Answer 20

Fine, community service, rehabilitation.

Question 21

What are 3 purposes of sentencing?

Answer 21

Protection of the public, punishment, and rehabilitation.

Question 22

What evidence is there for prison not working?

Answer 22

High rates of reoffending. In 2022, 37% of people released from prison reoffended within 12 months.

Question 23

What court are teenagers seen in?

Answer 23

Youth Court. It is less formal than a crown court.

Question 24

What is the age of criminal responsibility?

Answer 24

10. The James Bulger case, when two ten year olds abducted and killed a toddler, caused the criminal age of responsibility to be lowered.

Question 25

What is a tribunal?

Answer 25

Low level civil court that deals with disputes between individuals and organisations, such as employment issues.

Question 26

What are the civil courts?

Answer 26

Tribunals, County court, High court, Court of appeals, Supreme court.

Question 27

What does the police and crime commissioner do?

Answer 27

A Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) is an elected official responsible for overseeing the police force in a specific area, ensuring that it operates effectively and is accountable to the public.

Question 28

What are human rights?

Answer 28

Human rights are basic rights and freedoms that every person is entitled to, simply by being human.

Question 29

What was the Magna Carta?

Answer 29

Signed in 1215, it was a historic document that limited the powers of the English king and laid the foundation for individual rights and the rule of law.

Question 30

What is the UDHR?

Answer 30

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a document adopted by the United Nations in 1948 that outlines the fundamental human rights that should be universally protected for all people. There are 30 human rights.

Question 31

Is the UDHR hard law?

Answer 31

No, it is soft law. It is not legally binding.

Question 32

What are duties?

Answer 32

Responsibilities that individuals are expected to fulfill, either by law, ethics, or social norms. Eg: voting.

Question 33

What is the international criminal court?

Answer 33

A permanent international court established to prosecute individuals for the most serious crimes of international concern, such as genocide.

Question 34

What is the ECHR?

Answer 34

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is an international treaty adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950. It sets out a range of fundamental human rights and freedoms that must be protected by its 47 member states.

Question 35

What is the law in the UK that protects human rights?

Answer 35

1998 Human Rights Act. This is legally binding.

Question 36

What is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child?

Answer 36

An international treaty adopted by the United Nations in 1989 to protect the rights of children around the world.

Question 37

What is international humanitarian law?

Answer 37

Also known as the laws of war, it is a set of rules and principles that aim to limit the effects of armed conflict for humanitarian reasons. It seeks to protect people who are not participating in the hostilities (such as civilians, medical personnel, and prisoners of war).

Question 38

What is the Geneva Convention?

Answer 38

A series of international treaties that set out the standards for the humane treatment of people during armed conflict. Includes: protection for civilians, no use of chemical weapons, protection for prisoners of war.

Question 39

What are war crimes?

Answer 39

Serious violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) that occur during armed conflicts. Eg: intentionally targeting civilians, use of chemical weapons, targeting schools and hospitals.

Question 40

What are some examples of current conflicts?

Answer 40

Syrian civil war, Russia-Ukraine war, Palestine-Israel war.

Question 41

What are some examples of war crimes that have occurred?

Answer 41

Chemical weapons were used in 2013. Targeting of civilians by the Syrian government.

Question 42

What was the Johnny Depp vs The Sun Newspaper case?

Answer 42

The Sun Newspaper called Johnny Depp a 'wife beater' in 2018 and he sued them for libel and failed

Question 43

What was the M&S vs Aldi case?

Answer 43

M&S made Colin the caterpillar but hadn't trade marked it Aldi created a similar cake and sold it for cheaper M&S took Aldi to court but came to a mutual agreement

Question 44

What was the Wagatha Christie case?

Answer 44

Colleen Rooney figured out that Rebekah Vardy was leaking all her info to the press so she wrote an Instagram post accusing Vardy of releasing info to the press Vardy sued her for libel and slander and Rooney won the case