Glycolysis
PFK-1
Positive Regulator AMP, F2,6BP
Negative Regulator: ATP and Citrate
Gluconeogenesis
F 1,6 BP
Positive: N/A
Negative: AMP, F2,6BP (same as glycolysis activators!)
TCA cycle
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Positive: ADP
Negative: ATP and NADH (Alcohol shuts down TCA)
Glycogenogenesis
Glycogen Synthase
Positive: Glucose-6-P, Insulin, and Cortisol(counter-intuitive e)
Negative: Epi and Glucagon
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen phosphorylase
Positive: Epi, Glucagon, AMP
Negative: Glucose-6-P, Insulin, ATP
HMP Shunt
G6PD
Positive: NADP
Negative NADPH
De novo pyrimidine synthesis
CPS II
Positive: ATP (have purines –> make pyrimidines) and PRPP
Negative: UTP (have pyrimidines)
De novo purine synthesis
Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
Negative: AMP, IMP, and GMP (Low energy/Have Purines)
Urea Cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Positive: N-acetylglutamate (NAG)
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
Positive: Insulin and Citrate
Negative: Glucagon and Palmitoyl CoA
Fatty Acid Oxidation
Carnitine Acyltransferase I
Negative: Malonyl-CoA
Ketogenesis
HMG-CoA Synthase
Cholesterol Synthesis
HMG-CoA Reductase
Positive: Insulin, thyroxine
Negative: Glucagon, cholesterol