RNA Translation

Question 1

3 stop codons

Answer 1

UAA (U Are Away)
UGA (U Go Away)
UAG (U Are Gone)

Question 2

redundancy

Answer 2

Having different codons that code to the same thing

Question 3

What is the difference between the coding and template strand

Answer 3

All T’s are turned to U’s

Question 4

What is the Anti-Codon on a tRNA base complimentary strand?

Answer 4

Changes from AUG —> UAC

Question 5

tRNA (3)

Answer 5

-Brings amino acids to ribosome
-Cloverleaf shape
-Contains an anticodon sequence that pairs with codons in mRNA

Question 6

Wobble Hypothesis

Answer 6

The first 2 nucleotides must match between codon and anticodon, but the 3rd had flexibility

Question 7

Aminoacylation

Answer 7

Adds amino acids to tRNA

Question 8

Ribosome sites

Answer 8

exit
peptidyl
aminoacyl

Question 9

What is peptidyl

Answer 9

the site where polypeptides bind together on the chain

Question 10

Stages of Translation

Answer 10

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 11

Initiation of translation (4)

Answer 11

-Ribosomes assembled with mRNA molecules
-tRNA binds to small subunit
-Complex binds to 5’ cap and scans for start codon
-Large subunit binds to complete initiation

Question 12

Elongation of translation (3)

Answer 12

-Amino acids are linked to tRNAs and added to polypeptide chain
-The A site matches the next codon
-Peptide bond is cleaved off in the P site

Question 13

Termination of translation (2)

Answer 13

-New polypeptide put on ribosome
-Ribosome separates from mRNA

Question 14

Polysomes

Answer 14

Multiple ribosomes simultaneously translating a single mRNA

Question 15

points of polypeptide processing (5)

Answer 15

-Processing reactions convert polypeptides into finished form
-Removal of one or more amino acids from protein chains
-Addition of organic groups
-Folding guided by chaperones
-Alternative pathways to different mature polypeptides

Question 16

Sorting signals and where

Answer 16

how proteins are distributed within the cells, signals are coded in DNA and when protein is made

sorted at the rough ER

Question 17

signal peptide

Answer 17

beginning of the polypeptide chain

Question 18

signal recognition particle

Answer 18

binds to signal peptide

Question 19

SRP receptor

Answer 19

bind to protein receptors in ER membrane, and growing polypeptide is pushed into the ER lumen

Question 20

Signal peptidase

Answer 20

removes signal sequence

Question 21

peptidase

Answer 21

mean enzyme

Question 22

Misfolded proteins what happens, and what diseases it can cause

Answer 22

once folded the wrong way, all the same proteins will fold in the same way

can cause Creon disease, Mad Cow, and Alzheimer’s

Question 23

Mutations

Answer 23

changes in genetic material
only in DNA

Question 24

nonsense mutation

Answer 24

changes a normal codon to a stop codon

Question 25

silent mutation

Answer 25

Changes a codon nucleotide to a different one, but it still codes for the same polypeptide

Question 26

frameshift mutation

Answer 26

base pairs are inserted or deleted

Question 27

Sickle-cell disease

Answer 27

mRNA strand changes from GAG to GUG which changes the polypeptide from glutamine to valine

Question 28

promotor mutation

Answer 28

Could increase or decrease rate of transcription

Question 29

Transcriptional response element mutation

Answer 29

Alter regulation of transcription

Question 30

Splice junction mutation

Answer 30

Alter ability of pre-mRNA to be spliced properly

Question 31

germ-line mutation

Answer 31

Happens to the whole body and carries onto half the next generation of gametes

Question 32

Somatic mutation

Answer 32

Happens to part of the embryo like the head and then it will only happen to the head of the person and not be passed on EX: birthmark

Question 33

Direct repair

Answer 33

Repair enzyme recognizes an incorrect structure in the DNA and directly converts back to the correct structure

Question 34

Base excision and nucleotide excision repair

Answer 34

Abnormal base is recognized and removed. The complimentary DNA strand is used as a template to synthesize a normal DNA strand

Question 35

Methyl-directed mismatch repair

Answer 35

A base pair match is in the wrong spot and once recognized a section is removed and replaced

Question 36

missense mutation

Answer 36

Same as a silent mutation where one codon is switched with another one, but it codes for a different polypeptide