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RNA viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

RNA virus are divided to

A
  1. helical nucleocapsid

2. icosahedral nucleocapsid

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2
Q

RNA virus - helical nucleocapsid - diagram

A

helical nucleocapsid –> enveloped:

  1. SS- segmented:
    a. Bunyaviridae)
    b. Arenoviridae (Arenovirus)
    c. Orthomycoviridae (Influenza A,B,C)
  2. SS+ nonsegmented
    a. Coronoviridae –> Coronovirus
  3. SS- nonsegmented
    a. Filoviridae (filovirus)
    b. Rhbdoviridae (lyssavirus)
    c. Paramyxoviridae (Parainfluenza, RSV, Measles, Mumps)
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3
Q

RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - diagram

A
  1. Nonenveloped
    A. SS+ non-segmented
    - Picornaviridae –> a. Rhinovirus B. enterovirus (Poliovirus, Hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus, echovirus)
    - Caliciviridae –> Clicivirus (Norovirus, Hepatitis E)
    B. DS segmented –> Reoviridae (Rotavirus, Coltivirus)
  2. Enveloped
    A. SS+ diploid –> Retrovirus (HIV, HTLV-1, HTLV-2)
    B. SS+ non-segmented
    - Flaviviridae (Flavivirus)
    - Togaviridae (rubella, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis)
    C. SS- circular –> Deltavirus (NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid)
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4
Q

which RNA virus helical nucleocapsid are enveloped

A

all

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5
Q

RNA SS+ non segmented helical nucleocapsid virus

A

coronovirus

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6
Q

coronovirus - characteristics

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped, SS+ non-segmented

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7
Q

coronovirus causes

A
  1. common cold
  2. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
  3. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
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8
Q

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented

A

a. Bunyaviridae
b. Arenoviridae (Arenovirus)
c. Orthomycoviridae (Influenza A,B,C)

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9
Q

Orthomycoviridae - characteristic and virus

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented (8)
Influenza A,B,C

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10
Q

Influenza viruseses - family and characteristics

A

Orthomycoviridae

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented

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11
Q

Influenza viruses - specific antigens and actions

A
  1. hemagglutinin –> promotes viral entry

2. neuraminidase –> promotes progeny virion release

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12
Q

Influenza viruses infection increases the risk for

A

fatal bacterial superinfection (Most commonly S. aureus, S. pneumonia, H. influenzae)

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13
Q

Influenza viruses - vaccines - characteristics, rout of administration, structures etc

A

Reformulated vaccine (“the flu shot”) contains viral stains most likely to appear during the flu season

  • Killed viral is most frequently used –> (injected)
  • Live attenuated vaccine contains temperature sensitive mutant that replicates in the nose but not in the lung –> intranasally
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14
Q

Influenza viruses - types of vaccines (and route of administration) (Most freq use?)

A

killed –> injected (MC)

Live attenuated –> intranasally

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15
Q

Influenza viruses - special characteristic of live cycle

A

Rapid genetic changes

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16
Q

causes of influenza virus Rapid genetic changes - ways

A
  1. Genetic shift/antigenic shift

2. Genetic drift/antigenic drift

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17
Q

genetic shift/antigenic shift mechanism

A

Reassortemnt of viral genome segments

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18
Q

Genetic drift/antigenic drift mechanism and example

A

Minor changes based on random mutation in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase

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19
Q

genetic shift/antigenic shift example

A

segments of human flu A virus reasort with swine flu A virus

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20
Q

Genetic drift/antigenic drift vs genetic shift/antigenic shift according to resutls

A
  • genetic shift/antigenic shift causes pandemics

- genetic drift/antigenic drift causes epidemics

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21
Q

Arenoviruses characteristics and viruses

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented (2)

  1. Lassa virus
  2. LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
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22
Q

Lassa virus causes

A

Lassa fever ecephalitis (a form of hemorrhagic fever)

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23
Q

Lassa virus transmission

A
  • spread by rodents (contaminated food or water by rodent urine
  • person to person via bodily fluids
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24
Q

Bunyaviridae - characteristics and viruses

A

RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid enveloped, SS- segmented (3)

  1. california encephalitis virus
  2. Rift valley river virus
  3. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
  4. Hantavirus
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25
Hantavirus - characteristics clinical manifestation
hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia
26
RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped SS- nonsegmented
a. Filoviridae (filovirus) b. Rhbdoviridae (lyssavirus) c. Paramyxoviridae (Parainfluenza, RSV, Measles, Mumps)
27
Filoviridae (filovirus) characteristics and viruses and their resevoir
RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped SS- nonsegmented 1. Marburg virus --> monkey reservoir 2. Embola virus --> unknown, maybe bats
28
Embola virus - mechanism
targets epithelial cells, phagocytes, hepatocytes --> incubation period of up to 21 days --> symptoms
29
Embola virus - course
abrupt onset of flu-like symptoms, diarrhea/vomiting, high fever myalgia --> DIC, diffuse hemrrhage, shock --> high mortality rate
30
Filoviridae (filovirus) viruses and their outcome
1. Marburg virus 2. Embola virus HIGH MORTALITY
31
Embola virus - treatment
no definitive treatment, supportive care Strict isolation of infected individuals and barrier practices for health care workers are key to preventing transmission
32
Embola virus - transmission
requires direct contact with bodily fluids or fomites (including dead bodies)
33
Embola virus - nosocomial infections
HIGH INCIDENCE
34
Embola virus - diagnosis
RT-PCR within 48hr of symptoms onset
35
lyssavirus - characteristics
RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped SS- nonsegmented - Rhbdoviridae
36
Rabies virus - appearance
``` Bullet shaped virus (electrical microscope) Negri bodies (commonly found in Purkinje cells of cerebellum and hippocampal neurons) ```
37
Rabies virus - negri bodies commonly found in
Purkinje cells of cerebellum and hippocampal neurons
38
Rabies virus - source in US
More commonly from bat, raccoon and skunk than from dog bites in the US - aerosol also possible
39
Rabies virus - progression of disease
Long incubation period (weeks to months) --> fever, malaie, agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia, hypersalivation --> paralysis and coma --> death
40
Rabies virus - pathophysiology
Travels to the CNS by migrating in a retrograde fashion up nerve axons after binding to nicotinic ACH receptors
41
Rabies virus - Post-exposure prophylaxis
1. wound cleaning 2. imunization with killed vaccine 3. rabies immunoglobulin (PASSIVE ACTIVE IMMUNITY)
42
Rabies virus - type of vaccine
killed
43
Paramyxoviridae - characteristics and virus
RNA virus, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped SS- nonsegmented 1. Parainfluenza 2. RSV 3. Measles 4. Mumps
44
Paramyxoviridae causes disease in
children and infants
45
all Paramyxoviridae contain (stractural characteristic)
surface F (fusion) protein, which causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multi-nucleated cells
46
monoclonal antibody against F protein
Palivizumab
47
Palivizumab mechanism of action and clinical use
- monoclonal antibody against F protein | - prevent pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants
48
RSV causes
respiratory tract infection (bronchiolitis, pneumonia) in infants
49
Mumps virus infection - symptoms
1. parotitis 2. orchitis 3. Aseptic meningitis 4. Pancreatisis
50
Mumps virus infection - complication
can cause sterility, especially after puberty
51
Parainfulenza causes
Croup (acute laryngotracheobronhitis)
52
Croup (acute laryngotracheobronhitis) is result in .... (and caused by)
is caused by Parainfulenza results in "seal-like" baking cough and inspiratory stridor severe croup can result in PULSUS PRADOXUS 2ry to upper airway obstruction
53
Croup (acute laryngotracheobronhitis) - image
Narrowing of upper trachea and subglottis lead to characteristic steeple sign on X-RAY
54
Croup (acute laryngotracheobronhitis) - sign on x-ray (only the name)
steeple sign
55
Measles virus causes (and in greek)
measles (rubeola) (ιλαρά)
56
measles (rubeola) usual presentation
prodromal fever with cough, fever and conductivities, then eventually Koplik spots, followed (1-2days) by maculopapular rash that starts on at the head/neck and spreads downward - Lymphadenitis with Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells (fused lymphocytes) in a background of paracortical hyperplasia
57
Koplik spots?? They are associated with?
bright red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa that precede the measles rash by 1-2 days measles (rubeola)
58
3 C's of measels
Cough Coryza Conjunctivitis
59
measles (rubeola) - possible sequelae
1. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) - years later 2. enecephalitis (1:2000) 3. giant cell pneumonia (rarely, in imminosuppressed)
60
measles (rubeola) - treatment
Vitamin A supplementation can reduce measles mortality and morbidity in malnourished or vitamin-deficient children
61
Picornaviridae - characteristics and viruses
RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - nonenveloped - SS+ non-segmented - Picornaviridae: 1. Rhinovirus 2. Enterovirus (Poliovirus, Hepatitis A virus, coxsackievirus, echovirus)
62
Picornaviridae causes (each virus)
1. Rhinovirus --> common cold 2. Poliovirus --> polio, aseptic meningitis 3. Echovirus --> aseptic meningitis 4. HAV --> acute viral hepatitis 5. Coxsackievirus --> aseptic meningitis, herpangina (mounth blisters, fever), hand - foot and mount disease, myocarditis, pericarditis
63
Coxsackievirus causes
aseptic meningitis, herpangina (mounth blisters, fever), hand - foot and mount disease, myocarditis, pericarditis
64
Picornaviridae - transmission
all fecal-oral except rhinovirus
65
Picornaviridae - mechanism of infection
RNA is translated into 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral protein
66
caliciviridae - characteristics and viruses
RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - Nonenveloped - SS+ non-segmented --> Caliciviridae --> Calicivirus: 1. Norovirus 2. HEV (now it is not a calicivirus)
67
Norovirus causes
viral gastroenteritides
68
Rhinovirus - family / causes / how many types
picornavirus --> common cold | more that a hundred types
69
Rhinovirus - special characteristics vs other picornaviruses
Rhinoviridae is acid labile - not destroyed by stomach acid --> not infect GI tract - no fecal oral transmission
70
Reoviridae - characteristics and viruses
RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid (DOUBLE) - nonenveloped - DS segmented - reoviridae: 1. Rotavirus 2. Coltivirus
71
Reoviridae - special characteristic of structure
icosahedral nucleocapsid (DOUBLE)
72
viruses with double icosahedral nucleocapsid
Reoviridae
73
Rotavirus causes
- MCC of fatal diarrhea in children - the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis - Major cause of diarrhea in USA during winter especially in day care centers, kindergartens
74
Coltivirus causes
Corolando tick fever
75
rotavirus - mechanism of action
villous destruction with atrophy leads todecreased absorption of Na+ and loss of K+
76
Rotavirus - major cause of diarrhea in USA during ...(and places)
winter especially in day care centers, kindergartens
77
Rotavirus - recommendation
CDC recommends routine vaccination of all infants
78
rotavirus vaccine type
live attenuated
79
Poliovirus - vaccine (type and rout)
1. Salk --> killed (inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)) --> injection 2. Sabin --> live attenuated vaccines (oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)) --> oral
80
Delta virus - characteristics and viruses
SS - circular enveloped - (NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid - Delta virus: HDV
81
HDV functional special characteristics
HDV is a "defective" virus that requires the presence of HBV to replicate
82
Delta virus - nucleocapsid
uncertain - NOT EXACTLY icosahedral nucleocapsid
83
Retroviruses - characteristics and viruses
``` RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - Enveloped SS+ diploid --> Retrovirus 1. HIV 2. HTLV-1 3. HTLV-2 ```
84
HTLV causes
T-cell leukemia
85
Retroviruses - nucleocapsid
HTLV --> icosahedral | HIV --> NOT EXACTLY icosahedral --> complex and conical
86
flaviviridae - characteristics and viruses
RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - Enveloped - SS+ non-segmented --> Flaviviruses: 1. HCV 2. Yellow fever 3. Denque fever 4. St Louis encephalitis fever 5. West Nile fever
87
Yellow fever - transmission / reservoir
Aedes mosquitoes (monkey or human reservoir)
88
Yellow fever symptoms
high fever black vomitus jaundice
89
Yellow fever biopsy
Councilman bodies (eosinophilic apoptotic globules) on liver biopsy
90
Flaviviruses - name
Flavi = yellow, jaundice
91
Yellow fever - vaccine - type
live attenuated
92
Togaviridae - characteristics and virus
RNA virus - icosahedral nucleocapsid - Enveloped - SS+ non-segmented --> togaviruses 1. rubella 2. Eastern equine encephalitis 3. Western equine encephalitis
93
Rubella virus causes (and aka)
rubella (German (3-day) measles)
94
rubella - symptoms
MILD disease in children but SERIOUS congenital disease 1. Fever 2. postauricular and other lymphadenopathy 3. arthralgias 4. fine rash (confluent macules that starts on the face and spread centrifugically to involve the trank and extremities
95
congenital rubella causes
1. Blueberry muffin appearance (rash) | 2. classic triad a. PDA (or pulmonary artery hypoplasia b. cataracts c. deafness
96
congenital rubella - Blueberry muffin appearance?
indicative of dermal extramedullary hematopoiesis
97
(-) stranded viruses - mechanism
must transcribe (-) strand to (+). Virion brings its own RNA-depended RNA polymerase
98
arbovirus means
arthropod borne (mosquitos, ticks)
99
arbovirus - viruses?
1. all Bunyaviruses except hanta 2. All togaviruses except rubella 3. All flaviviruses except HCV 4. Coltivirus
100
Reovirus, orthomyxovirus, arenavirus, bunyavirus - number of segments
Reovirus - 10-12 orthomyxovirus - 8 arenavirus - 2 bunyavirus - 3

Microbiology (25 decks)

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