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RUSVM LAM II > Ruminant Anatomy And Physio + Ruminal disorders > Flashcards

Ruminant Anatomy And Physio + Ruminal disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How does the anatomy of the stomach differ between newborn and adult cows?

A

Newborn — large abomasum for milk digestion

Adult — rumen is large and occupies entire left side; liver is pushed cranially

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2
Q

In calves, the ______________ groove allows milk to bypass the rumen into the abomasum

A

Oesophageal groove

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3
Q

How can we assess the bacterial population in the rumen?

A

Microscopically - protozoa population

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4
Q

When doing an external ruminal palpation, what are the normal layers you can feel?

A

Free gas
Fibrous mat
Fluid

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5
Q

What occurs during the primary mixing cycle of the rumen?

A

Contraction of the dorsal and ventral sacs moving contents caudally
Contraction of the caudal sacs moving material cranially

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6
Q

What are causes of atony in the rumen?

A

Absence of excitatory input or increased inhibitory input signal to hypothalamus

Direct depression of gastric center

Failure of vagal or motor pathways (lesions or hypocalcemia)

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7
Q

What are causes of hypomotility of the rumen?

A

Reduced excitatory drive to the gastric center

Increased inhibition

Weakness of motor pathways (hypocalcemia/hypokalemia)

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8
Q

What is the normal number of rumen contractions you should auscultation?

A

1-2 rumen contractions / min

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9
Q

What is the secondary cycle of recticuloruminal motility?

A

Gas layer sits dorsal in rumen. As gas expands, it extends down to cardia causing eructation

Cardia remains closed when in contact with fluid or foam

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10
Q

What are you looking at when examining feces?

A 
Amount 
Colour 
Odor 
Consistency 
Degree of digestion
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11
Q

You take a ruminal fluid sample and it appears watery. What does this indicate?

A

Anorexia

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12
Q

You take a ruminal fluid sample and it appears very frothy. What would this indicated?

A

Bloat or vagus indigestion

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13
Q

From ruminocentesis, the fluid smells acidic. What does this indicate?

A

Lactic acidosis

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14
Q

You take a ruminal fluid sample and it smells rotten, what does this indicate?

A

Rumen putrefaction

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15
Q

What is the normal colour of rumen fluid?

A

Olive-brownish green — hay

Yellowish brown — grain or sialate

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16
Q

What is the colour of ruminal fluid in a cow with lactic acidosis ?

A

Milky gray/brown

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17
Q

Black/green coloured rumen fluid indicates?

A

Rumen stasis

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18
Q

What is the normal pH of the rumen (beef vs dairy)?

A

Beef (grass fed): 6-7

Dairy (TMR): 5.5 - 6

Best measured 2-4hrs after feeding concentrate or 4-8hrs after TMR

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19
Q

What test measures anaerobic fermentation of ruminal fluid?

A

Methylene blue reduction test

10ml of rumen fluid to 0.5ml of 0.03% solution
Normal clearance is 2-6mins
Abnormal >10mins

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20
Q

What procedure is indicated if the methylene blue reduction test is >10mins for clearance?

A

Transfaunation

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21
Q

What is normal level of rumen chloride? What does an elevated level indicate?

A

30mEq/L

Abomasal disease
Abomasal reflux
Obstruction of intestinal flow

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22
Q

What test can you do to determine microflora activity?

A

Glucose fermentation test

Normal microflora = 1-2ml gas/hr
Inactive flora = little or no gas production

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23
Q

What type of bloat is caused by esophageal or ruminal motility dysfunction?

A

Free gas bloat

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24
Q

What type of bloat is caused by high risk feeds like alfalfa or sweet clover?

A

Frothy bloat

25
Q

Clinical signs of bloat?

A

Asymmetric abdominal distention, most pronounced in left paralumbar fossa
Abdominal discomfort —> kicking or rolling
Increased HR and RR
Acute: death in 30mins - 4hrs

26
Q

Asymmetric abdominal distention, most pronounced in left paralumbar fossa
Abdominal discomfort —> kicking or rolling
Increased HR and RR

DDX?

A 
Bloat 
Ruptured bladder 
Hydroallantosis 
LDA 
Abomasal volvulus 
Mesenteric volvulus
27
Q

Treatment for free gas bloat?

A

Emergency : trocharization
Stomach tube

Chronic: temporary rumenotomy, find underlying pattern

28
Q

Treatment for frothy bloat?

A

Emergency: trocharization

Polaxalene 
Vegetable oil 
Dactyl sodium sulfosuccinate 
Manage diet 
Ionophores
29
Q

What causes primary (acute) rumen indigestion?

A

Abrupt dietary change that results in self-limited but rapid decline of rumen fermentation

30
Q

What are causes of a secondary (chronic) rumen indigestion?

A

Result of other disease (endotoxemic infection, abomasal disease, metabolic disease)

31
Q

Clinical signs of chronic rumen indigestion?

A

Rumination absent
Rumen under filled
Fecal production depressed
+/- diarrhea

32
Q

What is the treatment for rumen indigestion?

A 
Mild - self correcting 
Rumen transfaunation 
- from cow adapted to expected ration 
-min 3L, 8-16L is best 
- repeat for 2-3days

Increase rumen fill
- 20-30L of fluid, +/- sodium, potassium, propylene glycol, niacin, alfalfa pellets

33
Q

What are causes of subacute rumen acidosis?

A

Not enough fiber
Component or slug feeding
Selective feeding

34
Q

Subacute rumen acidosis is a risk factor for what diseases?

A

Rumenitis
Liver abscess
Laminitis
Posterior vena cava thrombosis

Acute death syndrome/hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (C. Perfringens)
Mycotic rumenitis
Abomasal ulceration and displacement
Cerebral-cortical necrosis - thiaminase producing bacteria

35
Q

What is fat cow syndrome?

A

Proprionic acid surge caused by increase in lactic acid fermenters

Eg during feedlot “rounding off” phase OR dairy cows with prolonged lactation

36
Q

What are your top differentials for a cow with chronic weight loss and hypoalbuminemia ?

A

Rumenitis

Johnes disease

37
Q

Treatment for mild cases of rumentitis?

A

Feed antibiotics as prophylactic

Prevent further access to grain
Hay and water only
Antacid orally: MgOxide 1g/kg

38
Q

How does rumenitis predispose to liver abscess?

A

Facilitate penetration of bacteria —> T. Pyogenes and F. Necrophorum into portal system —>liver abscess

39
Q

What bacteria are associated with acute death syndrome/ hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

C. Perfringens enterocolitis

40
Q

What bacteria are associated with cerebral-cortical necrosis?

A

Thiaminase producing bacteria —> breakdown thiamine
C. Sporogenes
B. Thiaminolyticus

41
Q

What is the cause of lactic acidosis ?

A

Grain overload

Increased production of lactic acid

42
Q

Lactic acidosis is present when pH of the rumen is ________

A

<5.5

43
Q

History commonly associated with lactic acidosis?

A 
Feedlot and dairy cattle 
Fermentable feed (wheat, barely, corn) 
Usually relates to a single episode of feed intake (engorement)
44
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rumen lactic acidosis?

A

Celluolytic and amylolytic Bacteria —> decrease pH —> proliferation of strep bovis and lactobacillus —> produce D and L lactic acid

D lactic acid cannot be metabolized

45
Q

What are consequences of lactic acid accumulation?

A

Metabolic acidosis —> ataxia, depression, and severe nephrosis

Raises osmolarity and fluid sequestration in rumen —> dehydration, hypovolemia and circulatory collapse

Chemical rumenitits —> sloughing of mucosa and bacterial invasion

Gram negative bacteria die off —> endotoxemia (contribute to circulatory collapse)

46
Q

How can a subacute/acute rumenitis be diagnosed?

A

Low pH
Milky-gray fluid
No protozoa
methylene blue reduction test > 5mins

47
Q

Treatment for moderate to severe rumenitis?

A 
Euthanasia /slaughter 
Intensive supportive care and surgery 
—IV fluids (polyionic fluid 10% bw) 
—sodium bicarb (1-3meq/kg) 
—NSAID
—antibiotic: penicillin 
—Vit B1 and B12
—calcium 
—rumenotomy and rumen lavage (kingman tube)
48
Q

How is rumenitis avoided?

A

Avoid sudden ration changes
Don’t slug feed
Avoid finely ground and soluble starches
Supply enough effective fiber

49
Q

How can you detect feed sorting in your cattle?

A

Detectable in variation in manure consistency between individuals receiving the same ration.

50
Q

Clincial signs of traumatic reticulopericarditis?

A

jugular pulse
Washing machine murmur
Abduction of the elbows
Brisket edema

51
Q

How can you diagnose traumatic reticulopericardidtis?

A 
History and PE 
Increased fibrinogen (acute) 
Increased globulin (chronic) 
\+/- neutrophilic 
Mild metabolic alkalosis 
Cl in rumen

Abdominocentesis
Reticulogrpahy
Ultrasound
Exploratory laparotomy

52
Q

How does an abdominocentesis appear in a cow with TRP?

A

Increased WBC — PMN (>6000 nucleated cells/uL)

Increased protein (>3g/dL)

A dry/normal tap is inconclusive

53
Q

Treatment for TRP?

A 
Magnet 
PPG 5+ days 
NSAID 
Oral IV fluids 
Stall rest

Surgical — retrieve object/ drain perireticular abscess

54
Q

What would you see on ultrasound that could indicate TRP?

A

Decreased reticular motility
Fibrin deposits
Perireticular abscess

55
Q

What is a type I vagus indigestion?

A

Uncomplicated TRP —> damages vagus nerve

Failure of contractions results in free gas bloat and ruminal distention

56
Q

What is a type II vagus indigestion?

A

Failure of omasal transport preventing aboral movement of ingesta —> functional mechanical outflow disturbance

Nerve damage can result form mycoticomastitis, reticular abscess, localized adhesions

57
Q

What is type III vagus indigestion

A

Failure of transpyloric outflow (abomasal obstruction )

Primary obstruction — dry feed or limited water
Secondary obstruction — disturbance in motility or obstruction (vagus damage from TRP or RDA)

58
Q

What is a type IV vagus indigestion?

A

Late gestation indigestion

During advanced pregnancy the enlarged uterus displaces abomasum which interferes with motility

59
Q

Clinical signs of vagus indigestion?

A

Chronic progressive weight loss with abdominal distention

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RUSVM LAM II (22 decks)

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