S1 Grammar Flashcards

(117 cards)

1
Q

意向形+と する

A

to attempt to/to be about to ~ (before something unexpected happens)

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2
Q

〜ようと する/しない

A

likes to/doesn’t like to~ (habit)

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3
Q

〜た ところ〜

A

upon ~, ~ (doing something, leading to a result/realisation)

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4
Q

Aは Bに 〜る/ない ように [言う]

A

A [says] ~ to B (description of request/warning/order/instruction/notice/etc. only used in written form)

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5
Q

[〜ている/ない/〜い/〜な/〜の] うちに

A

do something while it’s ~ (do something before the change inevitably comes, strike while the iron is hot)

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6
Q

花が坂にあうちに誰かが枝を折っていった。

A

someone cut the branch before the flowers grew (action is done before the change even happens)

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7
Q

勉強しているうちに寝てしまった。

A

I fell asleep while I was studying (an unexpected change in result while you were intending to do something)

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8
Q

〜は
(この本は面白くない)

A

Implies more information than said
(this books isn’t interesting, but it’s useful)

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9
Q

〜[ま//す] + は + する/しない/した/しなかった
(幾らやすけても誰も買いはしないだろう)

A

Implies more information than said in action form
(no matter how cheap it is, no one will buy it, right?)

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10
Q

〜[ま//す] + も + しない
(娘は買い物が大好きで、要りもしないものまで買ってしまう)

A

Implication of contempt, even ~
(my daughter likes to shop so much, she buys stuff that she doesn’t even need)

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11
Q

〜て + は + いる/見る/おく
(直してはみます)
(母は痩せてはいます)

A

showing doubt, denial of implications, but it doesn’t mean that ~
(I’ll try to fix it, but it doesn’t mean that it will be fixed)
(my mom’s gotten thinner, but that doesn’t mean that she’s sick)

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12
Q

〜とは(というのは)〜のことだ/という意味だ

A

~ means that ~

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13
Q

〜という〜
(友達から、来月香港行くるというニュースがあった)

A

~ called/that ~ (describing name/info of something)
(there was news from my friend that they’ll be coming to HK next month)

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14
Q

〜とかいう〜

A

~ I think it was called/that ~ (same as という, but it’s when you aren’t sure of the information)

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15
Q

〜、〜といった〜
(苺やオレンジといった果物にはビタミンCが多く含まれている)

A

~ like/such as ~, ~ (listing)
(there is a lot of vitamin C in fruits such as strawberries and oranges)

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16
Q

〜として

A

as a ~ [identity, position, status]

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17
Q

Aは〜としての〜
(環境問題の専門家としての意見)

A

A’s ~ as a ~
(my opinion as an expert in environmental issues)

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18
Q

〜としては/も 〜
(私としては、この案に賛成できない)

A

~ as a ~, ~ (doing something based on your position, status)
(for me, I can’t approve of this proposal)

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19
Q

〜る しかない/(より)ほか(は)ない/ほかしかたがない
(成功するためにはどりょくするしかない)

A

no other way/no choice but to ~
( in order to succeed, you have no choice but to work hard)

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20
Q

[一つ/一人/一日] として〜ない
(この映画を見た人は一人として感動しない人はいなかった)

A

not one [thing/person/day] isn’t ~
(not one person who saw the movie wasn’t moved)

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21
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(インタネットによって世界中の情報を簡単に知ることができる)

A
  1. Methods (by ~, through~)
    (you can easily know about news all over the world through the internet)
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22
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(不況によって倒産した)

A
  1. Reasons (due to ~)
    (it went bankrupt due to recession)
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23
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(学生の成績によってクラス分けを行う)

A
  1. Basis (based on ~)
    (students were separated into classes based on their grades)
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24
Q

XによってY/XによるY(により)
(アメリカ大陸はコロンブスによって発見された)

A
  1. Credit (made/discovered/invented by ~)
    (American land was discovered by Columbus)
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25
XによってY/XによるY(により) (何を食べるかによって健康状態は変わる)
5. Correlation, similarities (if X is different, so is Y, X changes based on Y) (your health changes *based on* what you eat)
26
XによってY/XによるY(により) (場合によっては旅行に参加できないかもしれない)
6. Depending on ~ (I might not be able to join the vacation trip *depending on* the situation)
27
Xと 共に Y(Yは Xと 共に) (京都は奈良と共に日本の古い都市として世界的に知られている)
1. With ~, together ~, both ~ (Kyoto and Nara are *both* known as old Japanese capitals worldwide)
28
Xと 共に Y(Yは Xと 共に) (大きな拍手と共に出演者が舞台に登場した)
2. X happens at the same time as Y (the performers appeared on stage *as* we were clapping loudly)
29
Xと 共に Y(Yは Xと 共に) (娘の結婚が決まって、嬉しいと共に少し寂しくもある)
3. X exists at the same time as Y [emotion/state] (now that my daughter's wedding has been confirmed, I'm happy, *but also* a little sad)
30
Xと 共に Y(Yは Xと 共に) (言葉は時代と共に変わる)
4. As X changes, Y slowly changes as well (words (jargon) *slowly change* over the eras)
31
やっぱり/やはり (彼の性格は今もやはり変わらない)
(spoken/written) still/absolutely/definitely/as I thought (his personality *still* hasn't changed)
32
結局〜
in the end, as a result ~
33
Xと いえばY (夏の果物といえば、まずバナナを思い浮かべる人が多いだろう)
1. When talking about X, Y comes to mind (*when talking about* summer fruits, bananas might *come to mind* first for many)
34
Xと いえばY (あ、りーさんといえば、さっき出かけたよ。)
2. A new topic (Y) comes to mind when talking about X (oh, *if you're talking about* Li, they just left)
35
どちらかといえば /どちらかというと〜 (私はどちらかというと、人前で話すのが苦手だ)
if I had to choose one/if forced to I'd say ~ (*if I had to* talk about myself, *I'd say that* I'm not very good at talking in front of people)
36
〜る/ないことがある (タバコの火が原因で山火事になることがある)
sometimes I do/don't do ~/there is/isn't ~ (*sometimes there are* forest fires created by cigarettes)
37
めったに〜ない (めったにパーティーに行かない)
very low chance/frequency of/that ~ (I *rarely* go to parties)
38
〜めったにあることではない
it's not uncommon that ~
39
〜ないこと は/も ない (納豆は、好きではないが、食べないことはない)
not that it’s impossible for me to ~ (if I try hard enough, I might be able to do it) (I don't like natto, *but that doesn't mean it’s impossible for me to* eat it)
40
〜ないこと は/も ない (相手の方が悪いんだから、あなたが謝らないことはないよ)
you don't have/need to ~ (opinion towards others) (it's their fault, so *you don't have to* apologise)
41
〜のか (あ、そうか。市役所うに行って聞けばいいのか)
~ right? (indicates need for confirmation, acceptance) ( oh, i see. so i should go and ask at the city office. *right?*)
42
〜(もし)〜のなら (もし、あなたが働いているのなら、あなたは職場に家族の写真を飾っていますか)
if (in fact) (*if you were* working, would you have a photo of your family in your workplace?)
43
〜させる + られる = させられる/される (おこりを感じさせられた)
~ made/makes [person] ~ [usually a feeling] (it made me angry)
44
〜て/では(ちゃ/じゃ casual ver.) (こんな暑くては勉強に集中できない)
[when facing a tough situation], can't/it's difficult to ~ (*I can't* concentrate on my studies *in this hot weather*)
45
〜なんて (私が優勝したなんてまるで夢見たい)
1. (spoken language) express disdain/dissatisfaction/surprise/joy/etc. reacting to ~ (*it's like* a dream that I won) (joy/surprise)
46
〜なんて [言う/思う/考える/etc.] (よく考えもしないで、わからないなんていうのはよくないよ。)
2. It's [good/bad] to ~ (show surprise/contempt) (it's not good *to speak* without thinking well, or without understanding)
47
〜なんて (彼女の結婚の祝いに食費セットなんてどうですか)
3. Showing example within a group of things, no emotion involved for example ~ /how about ~ for ~ (*how about* a tableware set *for* her wedding gift?) (as an example of a gift)
48
〜に決まっている
(spoken) definitely/bound to ~
49
〜に違いない
it's got to be ~
50
Xからすると、Y (この値段からすると、たぶん偽物だろう)
1. Judging from X, Y (*judging from* the price, it's probably fake)
51
Xからすると、Y (消費者からすると、値段は安ければ安いほといい)
2. From X's point of view, it's Y (*from the spenders' point of view*, the cheaper the price is the better)
52
〜で/と/へ/から/まで + の
adding emphasis to words
53
〜ている (アインシュタインは1921年にノーベル賞を受賞している)
indicates record of past situations or experience, history (used in reports) shows that you are citing history ~ [past tense] ~ (Einstein *received* a Nobel prize in 1921)
54
〜はじめる
start to ~
55
〜以上 (日本に来た以上、日本語だけでなく、日本の文化や習慣も学ぶつもりです)
since/if it's/because/given that ~ (*since* I've come to Japan, I intend to learn not only Japanese, but also Japanese culture and customs)
56
〜たところで〜 (今から頑張ったところで、試験には合格できないだろう)
even if [action] ~ [result won't be as expected] (*even if* I try my best from now on, I won't be able to pass the exam)
57
[人/物] は ~ Nをしている (りーさんは長い足をしている) (ドラえもんは猫の形をしたロボットだ)
[person/object] has ~ N (describing appearance) N: face, body, legs, hair, etc. (Ms Li has long legs) (Doraemon is a robot in the shape of a cat) (flipping the form around)
58
と言う顔をして〜 (真面目な顔をして冗談を言うのは難しいです)
has/with a ~ expression (describing facial expression) (it's hard to tell a joke *with a* serious *expression*)
59
[これ/それ/あれ/どれ]だけ〜 (これだけ準備しておけばきっと大丈夫でしょう) (どれだけ走って遠ざかろうとしたところで...)
as much as/how much ~(showing the degree of something) (if you prepare *just this much*, you'll be fine) (no matter *how far* I tried to run...)
60
[X可能形] だけX (やれるだけやってみます)
X as much as possible (first X is 可能形) (I'll try to *do as much as possible*)
61
XたいだけX (休みの日はたいてい寝たいだけ寝ています)
X as much as one wishes (I can *sleep as much I want* during holidays)
62
Xに伴い/伴ってY (子供の成長にともって、親とこの接し方が変わる物だ)
As X changes, Y gradually changes along with it (*As* children *grow up*, the way to speaking between parent and child *changes along with it*)
63
まったく〜ない (あの学生は家ではまったく勉強しないそうだ)
not even a little/at all/completely (that student *doesn't seem to study* at home *at all*)
64
まったく〜 (これとそれはまったく同じ物だ)
exactly/completely/absolutely ~ (this and that are *exactly* the same)
65
ただ〜 (彼女は優しくて親切です。ただ、時間を守らないのがちょっと...)
but/however ~ (opposite of previous point, counter-argument) (she's nice and kind. *but* she's always late, so...)
66
ただし〜(但し〜)
but, however ~ (restriction, exception to rule/statement. serious. seen on posters, notices, and the like)
67
〜になる (大人になる) (明日になる) (綺麗になる)
(natural change) (become an adult) (tomorrow comes) (become beautiful) (な形容詞 always uses に)
68
〜となる (今となってはもう遅い) (母となる)
(reaching final stage/goal) (it's too late now) (become a mother) (if it's a final stage to you)
69
Xに対するY/Xに対してY (日本では目上の人に対して敬語を使わなければならない)
X's thoughts/actions/attitude towards Y (in Japan, *you must use Keigo* when speaking to superiors)
70
Xは〜い/な の に対してYは〜 (姉は無口なのに対して、妹はおしゃべりだ)
compared to X that is ~, Y is ~ (create contrast ) (compared to my older sister who is quiet, my little sister is talkative)
71
〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses
1. Go and come back vs one way trip
72
〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses (田中さん、これ、国の母が送ってきたんです) (大声を出したので、猫は驚いて逃げていった)
2. Direction of movement (towards vs away) (Tanaka, my mother gave this *to* me) (I let out a loud noise, so the cat ran *away from me*)
73
〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses (日本語を2年間勉強してきた。これからも勉強していくつもりです)
3. Continuation of state (continuing from the past vs will continue into the future) (I've *been studying* Japanese for 2 years. I plan *to continue studying* it)
74
〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses (香港は1970年ごろから子供の巣が減ってきた。これからも減っていくだろう)
4. Continuation of a change (continuing from the past vs will continue into the future) (Hong Kong's population of children *has been decreasing* since 1970. It will likely *continue to decrease*)
75
〜ていく vs 〜てくる uses (A:あ、雨が降ってきた B:あのコンビニで傘を買って行こう)
5. Appear vs disappear (A: Oh, it's *raining* (rain "appears") B: *Let's go to* the convenience store to buy umbrellas (leaving current location))
76
〜る/い/な ばかり(ばっかり) (この果物は外見がいいばかりで味はいまいちだ)
1. Only ~, but ~ (this fruit *only* looks good from the outside, *but* it tastes bad)
77
〜Xばかりで(は)なく、Yも〜 (この本はおもしろいばかりではなく、為にもなる)
2. Not only X, but also Y (this book *isn't only* interesting, *it's also* useful)
78
Xばかりに〜 (手続きが面倒なばかりに、時間がかかってしまった)
due to X, a bad result happens (shows regret, disappointment, annoyance) (*As* the procedure was troublesome, it took a lot of time)
79
〜たい/たくない ばかりに (彼女に会いたいばかりに、こんなに遠くまでやってきた)
because I wanted/didn't want to ~ (*because I wanted to* meet her, I came from far away)
80
〜てばかりいる/だ (あの人、あんなに遊んでばかりいたから、成績が悪いのも無理はない)
~ always/keep/kept ~ (repeating state) (the way he *always* plays around, no wonder his grades are so bad)
81
あまり(にも)〜 (あまりにも美味しいのでびっくりした)
too ~ (it was *too* delicious, I was surprised!)
82
あまりの〜に (あまりの驚きに声も出なかった)
because ~ was too ~, ~ (*because* I *was too* startled, I didn't make a noise)
83
〜の/るあまりに〜 (彼は悲しみのあまり、鬱病になってしまった)
~ was too ~, that's why ~ (he *was too* sad, *that's why* he got depression)
84
かえって(却って) (この薬を飲んだら却って、病気が悪くなってしまった)
I did X (thinking that ~), but instead ~ (rather ~) (*I drank the medicine (thinking that it would make me feel better), but instead* my illness go worse)
85
とうとう
finally, at long last
86
とうとう〜なかった (一日中待っていたが、彼はとうとう来なかった)
[I did something for a long time hoping for a result], but [it didn't happen] in the end (I waited for a day, but he never came *in the end*)
87
何かと
various
88
どうしても
no matter what
89
どうしても〜ない
won't ~ no matter what
90
どうしても〜たい
want to ~ no matter what
91
〜るべきだ(するべきだ=すべきだ) (道で財布を見つけたら、すぐ警察に届けるべきです)
you should ~ (common sense) (if you find a wallet on the street, *you should* report it to the police immediately)
92
〜べき+N (時間厳守は社会人として持つべき常識だ)
N that you should/should be ~ (common sense) (being on time is common sense that people in society *should* have)
93
〜るべきではない (一度や二度の失敗で諦めるべきではない)
shouldn't ~ (I *shouldn't* give up after 1 or 2 failures)
94
〜るべきだった/べきではなかった (成績が落ちた。もっと勉強すべきだった)
should've/shouldn't have ~ (my grades dropped. I *should've* studied more)
95
〜るべからず (壁に落書きすべからず)
Do not ~ (serious. strict) (*do not* graffiti on the walls)
96
X。一方、Y。 (ミラさんはハンサムです。一方、エドワードさんは優しいです)
X. On the other hand, Y. (contrasting) (Mira is handsome. *On the other hand*, Edward is nice)
97
何十/百/千/万/十万/百万/兆/億 という〜
tens/hundreds/ thousands/ millions/ etc. of
98
N1に関するN2/Nに関して〜 (教育改革に関する議論) (申し込み手続きに関して〜)
N2 about N1/about N ~ (discussion *about* education reform) (*about* the application procedure ~)
99
〜る/の おそれ(恐れ)がある (副作用の恐れがある)
there is fear/risk that ~ (*there is risk* of side effects)
100
〜とばかり入っていられない
one can't just say that ~, it can't just be said that ~
101
一概に〜ない (古いものが一概にダサいとはいえない)
not all ~ in general, can't say it's definitely all ~ (don't generalise ~) (old things *can't be said to all be* lame)
102
〜ば〜ほど
the more ~, the more ~
103
X [〜る/ない/〜い/〜な/名詞] ほど Y (あの店は一時間待たなければならいほど人気がある)
it's so Y that X (expresses the degree of X through Y) (this restaurant *is so popular that* you need to wait an hour)
104
Xほど〜Yはない/いない (彼ほど熱心に勉強する学生はいない)
[X is the best] there isn't a Y that compares (*I haven't seen* a student *that studies harder than* him)
105
〜を中心に(〜が中心になって) (若い人を中心に人気がある)
centered on/amongst ~ (popular *among* young people)
106
Xもとに(して)Y (実話をもとに作られた映画)
Do Y using X as a reference/base/material (this movie was made *based on* a true story)
107
[人]には([人]にとっては)〜 (私には大切だ)
to [person], ~ (to me it's important)
108
XはN/Vる には(XはNの/Vルためには)〜 (この本は一人で勉強するには難しい)
X is N/V for ~ (this book *is difficult for* one person to study)
109
N/Vる にはXが〜 (漢字を覚えるには、たくさん書いて練習することが大切だ)
X is [description] for the purpose of N/V (it's important to practice writing it a lot *in order to* remember kanji)
110
〜らしい (男らしい男)
like a [most stereotypical version of the thing] (manly [man-like] man)
111
〜[い]/[な//]らしい (田中さんも今日暇らしい) (あの店は美味しいらしい)
seems like ~ (inferred from what you saw/heard) (tanaka *seems* free today) (inferred from what you heard) (that shop *seems* delicious) (inferred from its crowded-ness)
112
雨が降るそうだ
I heard that it will rain (based on sources)
113
雨が降りそうだ
it looks like it will rain (based on observation)
114
〜ようだ
seems like it will ~ (based on intuition, experience)
115
さすが
just as I thought, as expected, "I knew it"
116
さすがの〜 (さすがのりーさんもできなかった)
[person] usually expected to be good at [something] ~ (even [*the great*] Mr Li couldn't do it) (he usually is able to do stuff like this)
117
わざわざ (友達は私の忘れ物をわざわざうちまで届けてくれた)
all the way (doing something for the sake of it/out of good will, concern. "didn't have to") (my friend came *all the way* just to deliver my lost item to my home)