SALLY

Question 1

types of tissue/cell morphology?

Answer 1

H&E, papanicolaou, special stains
IHC & ICC
light microscopy and EM

Question 2

ENDoscopy?

Answer 2

anywhere

Question 3

SIGMOIDoscopy?

Answer 3

colon

Question 4

COLPoscopy?

Answer 4

cervix

Question 5

BRONCHoscopy?

Answer 5

lungs

Question 6

LARYNGoscopy?

Answer 6

larynx

Question 7

GASTRoscopy?

Answer 7

stomach

Question 8

ARTHRoscopy?

Answer 8

joints

Question 9

CYSToscopy?

Answer 9

bladder

Question 10

types of biopsies?

Answer 10

needle, shave and punch

Question 11

cytology sampling methods:

Answer 11

fluids contains exfoliated cells
scrapes
impressions
brushings
washings / lavage
needle aspiration

Question 12

where can you collect samples from?

Answer 12

reproductive, urinary, respiratory, and GI tract
body cavities, thyroid, skin, breast, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Question 13

advantages of cytology?

Answer 13

low cost
low risk
accessibility
rapid
avoids hospitalisation

Question 14

disadvantages of cytology?

Answer 14

subjective
inaccurate in the wrong hands
might not tell you tumour origin, type, grade, stage
might not distinguish invasive vs pre-invasive disease

Question 15

preparation for cytology samples:

Answer 15

direct smearing onto slide
cytocentrifugation onto slide
cell blocks
fixation
LBC

Question 16

what does fixation do?

Answer 16

prevents cells from degenerating and maintains tissue morphology

Question 17

examples of fixatives?

Answer 17

formaldehyde, alcohol, chromic acid

Question 18

when would decalcification occur?

Answer 18

when dealing with bone samples, removes calcium, doesn’t affect staining

Question 19

what does processing a sample involve?

Answer 19

dehydration, clearing and impregnation

Question 20

last 3 steps to prepare samples are?

Answer 20

embedding, sectioning and freezing

Question 21

vital stain?

Answer 21

tryphan blue

Question 22

What are the types of light microscopy?

Answer 22

Bright field, Dark field, Phase contrast, Polarized light

Polarized light is used for crystal structures.

Question 23

What is the primary method of visualization in microscopy?

Answer 23

Staining

Unstained tissues are difficult to see.

Question 24

Name three natural dyes used in staining.

Answer 24

• Saffron (crocus)
• Cochineal
• Hematoxylin (from wood of Haematoxylum campechianum)

Question 25

What are the two main staining methods?

Answer 25

* Staining with dyes * Impregnation with metallic salts * Formation of colored compounds by means of chemical reactions

Question 26

What is the role of chromophore in dyes?

Answer 26

Confers color to the dye.

Question 27

What is the role of auxochrome in dyes?

Answer 27

Confers charge to the dye.

Question 28

What is H&E staining?

Answer 28

A staining method using Hematoxylin and Eosin.

Question 29

What color does Hematoxylin stain nuclei?

Answer 29

Blue / purple.

Question 30

What color does Eosin stain cytoplasm and connective tissue?

Answer 30

Varying shades of pink / red.

Question 31

What is the function of a mordant in staining?

Answer 31

Helps Hematein bind to tissues.

Question 32

Optimal pH for eosin?

Answer 32

pH of 4.5-5.0 for optimal binding.

Question 33

What is metachromasia?

Answer 33

a disorder when certain stains cause cells and tissues to change color significantly from the stain's original color ## Footnote Metachromatic dyes change color when added to tissues without changing chemical structure.

Question 34

Give an example of a metachromatic dye.

Answer 34

* Methylene blue * Methyl violet * Toluidine blue

Question 35

What is the Argyophil reaction?

Answer 35

reduces AgNO3 to metallic silver requires a reducing agent

Question 36

What is the Argentaffin reaction?

Answer 36

Does not require a reducing agent. ## Footnote used in impregnation with metallic salts

Question 37

What is an example of a chemical reaction in staining?

Answer 37

direct reaction between solution and tissue to give coloured product / intermediate ## Footnote e.g. Perl's reaction for hemosiderin, PAS, HRP & DAB

Question 38

What does immunocytochemistry demonstrate?

Answer 38

Antigens in tissues or smears using specific antibody-antigen interactions.

Question 39

What does the ABP amplification of signal stand for?

Answer 39

A = avidin, B = biotin, P = peroxidase.

Question 41

What is antigen retrieval?

Answer 41

Process to remove cross-links that affect antibody binding.

Question 42

What early method was used for restoration of staining?

Answer 42

Acid as formalin as fixative.

Question 43

What are some considerations for optimizing staining protocols?

Answer 43

* Buffer type and volume * Time of treatment * Number of slides * Cooling time