Sampling

Question 1

Unconscious Bias

Answer 1

unknown bias during recruitment leads to overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a certain group or characteristic

Question 2

Conscious Bias

Answer 2

1. known bias during recruitment leads to overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a certain group or characteristic
2. generally driven by research question, but could also be a way to bias your results toward a favorable outcome

Question 3

Sampling Bias

Answer 3

individuals selected for study overrepresent or underrepresent certain characteristics which may limit generalizability

Question 4

Quota Sampling

Answer 4

participants chosen on the basis of availability/accessibility, but with target quotas for a certain characteristics

non-probability

Question 5

Barriers to enrollment

Answer 5

geographical
financial
transportation
caregiving
obtaining consent
historical mistrust
health concerns

Question 6

Purposive Sampling

Answer 6

researcher hand-picks participants based on specific criteria

generally avoided b/c can easily include biases

type of non-probability

Question 7

Volunteer Convenience Sampling

Answer 7

participants recruited via fliers, social media, word of mouth, etc.

type of non-probability sampling

Question 8

Consecutive Convenience Sampling

Answer 8

all patients who meet eligibility criteria who enter clinical care are invited to enroll

type of non-probability sampling

Question 9

Convenience Sampling

Answer 9

participants chosen on the basis of availability and accessibility

two types: consecutive/volunteer

type of non-probability sampling

Question 10

Stratified random sampling

Answer 10

accessible population divided into strata to ensure proportional representation of any important characteristics

ex include race/ethnicity, age, geographical location, disease severity

type of probability sampling

Question 11

Systematic Sampling

Answer 11

if list of accessible population arranged in no inherent order, sampling can be systematic

type of probability sampling

Question 12

Simple random sampling

Answer 12

participants sampled randomly from accessible population

ex: database, directory, census list

type of probability sampling

Question 13

Non-probability Sampling

Answer 13

samples chosen on some basis other than random selection

convenience sampling
quota sampling
purposive sampling

Question 14

Probability Sampling

Answer 14

every member of a population has an equal opportunity of being selected

simple random sampling
systematic sampling
stratified random sampling

Question 15

Eligibility Criteria

Answer 15

research question guides the development of eligibility criteria

excluding individuals based on certain demographics or clinical presentation is acceptable provided it is dictated by your research question

Question 16

How to impact eligibility criteria

Answer 16

narrowing it–> limits generalizability of results, sample becomes more homogenous

broadening it –> allow for confouding variables to limit ability to create conclusions

Question 17

Exclusion Criteria

Answer 17

factors that would preclude somebody from being a participant

Question 18

Inclusion Criteria

Answer 18

primary traits of the target population that will make an individual eligible to participate

Question 19

Sample

Answer 19

subgroup of population that will be studied and from which conclusions will be drawn

Question 20

Accessible Population

Answer 20

subset of target population you have access to study

Question 21

Target Population

Answer 21

the larger group to which results will be applied