Schizophrenia Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Schizophrenia Deck (25)
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1
Q

AO1 for CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS

A

Loss of contact with external reality
- Positive- adds: Hallucinations, delusions (paranoid, grandeur), disorganised speech, grossly disorganised and catatonic behaviour

  • Negative- takes: Speech poverty, avolition (reduction in self-initiated tasks), affective flattening, anhedonia (loss of interest in activities)

DSM-V

2
Q

AO1 for RELIABILITY

A

Consistency
Inter-rater- two or more
Test-retest- one clinician
Cultural bias- hearing voices interpreted differently

3
Q

AO3 for RELIABILITY

A
  • Rosenhan
  • Lack of objective measure (no blood tests)
  • Diagnosis of bizarre delusions (subjective definition)
4
Q

AO1 for VALIDITY

A

Accuracy
Gender bias- healthy adult = healthy male- females less mentally healthy
Symptom overlap- symptoms in other disorders
Co-morbidity- two conditions at the same time but might just be one

5
Q

AO3 for VALIDITY

A
  • Rosenhan
  • Lack of objective measure (no blood tests)
  • Gender bias- Loring and Powell (described as male/none=56%, female= 20%. Female psychiatrists less bias)
6
Q

AO1 for BIOLOGICAL: GENETICS

A

Family

  • family history
  • Gottesmann- closer = more likely

Twins
- Joseph- MZ= 40.4%, DZ= 7.4%

Adoption
- Tienari- more likely if mother had schizophrenia

7
Q

AO3 for BIOLOGICAL: GENETICS

A
  • Diathesis stress
  • Success of drug treatment (Leucht)
  • Success of psychological treatment (NICE)
8
Q

AO1 for BIOLOGICAL: DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS

A

3 neural pathways

1) reward (-ive)
2) perception (hallucinations)
3) movement (catatonic behaviour)

Original- excess dopamine
Revised- excess D2

Davis and Kahn- excess in mesolimbic (+ive), deficit in mesocortical (ive)

9
Q

AO3 for BIOLOGICAL: DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS

A
  • Diathesis stress
  • Success of drug treatments (Leucht)
  • Success of psychological (NICE)
10
Q

AO1 for BIOLOGICAL: NEURAL CORRELATES

A

Problems with the brain correlated with symptoms

  • Larger ventricles- Suddath- MZ twins
  • Reduced brain volume (grey and white matter)
11
Q

AO3 for BIOLOGICAL: NEURAL CORRELATES

A
  • Diathesis stress
  • Success of drug treatments (Leucht)
  • Success of psychological treatment (NICE)
12
Q

AO1 for PSYCHOLOGICAL: FAMILY DYSFUNCTION

A

Abnormal family dysfunction
DOUBLE BIND- Bateson et al- contrdictory messages prevents internally coherent construction of reality from forming

EXPRESSED EMOTION
- High EE- over involved, negative emotional environment, critical or hostile, high relapse rate

13
Q

AO3 for PSYCHOLOGICAL: FAMILY DYSFUNCTION

A
  • Diathesis stress
  • Success of psychological (NICE)
  • Success of drug (Leucht)
14
Q

AO1 for PSYCHOLOGICAL: COGNITIVE

A

Dysfunctional thought processes
Delusions- relating irrelevant info to selves, false conclusions. Impaired sight = unable to substitute realistic conclusions
Hallucinations- attributes self-generated auditory experience to external source

15
Q

AO3 for PSYCHOLOGICAL: COGNITIVE

A
  • Diathesis stress
  • Success of biological (Leucht)
  • Success of psychological (NICE)
16
Q

AO1 for BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS: DRUGS

A

Anti-psychotics
Typical- dopamine antagonists- bind but don’t stimuate. Reduce positive- chloroprozamine

Atypical- bind and rapidly dissociate, reduce side effects, high affinity for serotonin. Reduce positive and negative- clozapine

17
Q

AO3 for BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: DRUGS

A
  • Leucht
  • Success of psychological treatment (NICE)
  • Side effects (Tardive dyskinesia)
18
Q

AO1 for PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT: CBT

A

Ellis ABCDE

19
Q

AO3 for PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT: CBT

A
  • NICE
  • Biological treatment (Leucht)
  • Meta analysis isses (same general aim but different designs)
20
Q

AO1 for PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT: FAMILY THERAPY

A
  • Provide support for carers
  • Reduce stress and EE levels and relapse rates
  • Provide knowledge, encourage communication on what is helpful and not helpful
  • Encourage limits and separation and listening
21
Q

AO3 for PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT: FAMILY THERAPY

A
  • Biological treatment (Leucht)
  • Meta analysis isses (same general aim but different designs)
  • Pharoah et al (FT = low relapse rates after first 2 years)
22
Q

AO1 for PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT: TOKEN ECONOMY

A

Operant Conditioning- positive reinforcement- reduce -ive symptoms
Plastic token = secondary reinforcer- trade for valued object = primary reinforcer
Frequently exchanged
Short time interval

23
Q

AO3 for PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT: TOKEN ECONOMY

A
  • Nomothetic
  • Dickerson et al (13 studies, 11 successful)
  • Cultural differences
24
Q

AO1 for INTERACTIONIST APPROACH

A

Diathesis stress
Genes and environment
High vulnerability needs low stress
Tienari et al- Adoption studies in schizophrenia

25
Q

AO3 for INTERACTIONIST APPROACH

A
  • Holistic approach
  • Tienari is alpha bias (gynocentric)
  • Soft determinism