Scientific Revolution

Question 1

Age of Enlightenment refers to

Answer 1

Appearance of a secular worldview in the 18th century

Question 2

Start of Enlightment started with belief in …

Answer 2

autonomy of man’s intellect apart from God.

Question 3

Who stressed deductive reasoning\mathematical logic as the basis for their knowledge?

Answer 3

Rationalists

Question 4

Whose thought basis of knowledge was in man’s ability to think and said “I think; therefore, I am” ?

Answer 4

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Question 5

Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) equated God to ________?

Answer 5

nature

Question 6

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)

Answer 6

Worked on symbolic knowledge and calculus; thought of God as a hypothetical abstraction rather than a person

Question 7

Empiricists

Answer 7

Stressed scientific method as the basis for their source of knowledge

Question 8

Who

• Pioneered in empiricist approach to knowledge
• Stressed importance of environment in human development
• Thought reason and revelation were both complementary and derived from God?

Answer 8

John Locke (1632-1704)

Question 9

• Scottish historian and philosopher
• Emphasized limitation of human reasoning

Who am I?

Answer 9

David Hume (1711-1776)

Question 10

Roman Catholic Jansenism in France…

Answer 10

Argued against idea of an un-involved or impersonal God

Question 11

Hasidism in Eastern European Jewish communities stressed…

Answer 11

Joyous religious fervor indirect communion with god

Question 12

Major assumptions of the Enlightenment were:

Answer 12

1. Human progress was possible through changes in one’s environment. In other words, better people –> better societies –> better standard of living

2, Humans were free t use reason to reform the evils of society

3, Material improvement would lead to moral improvement

4. Natural science and human reason would discover the meaning of life
5. Laws governing human society would be discovered through application of the scientific method of inquiry
6. Inhuman practices and institutions would be removed from society in a spirit of humanitarianism
7. Human liberty would ensure if individuals became free to choose what reason dictated was good

Question 13

How did the Enlightenment affect religion?

Answer 13

It led people to be skeptical of God

Question 14

How did the Enlightenment affect political theory?

Answer 14

Locke and Rousseua believed people were capable of governing themselves

Question 15

How did the Enlightenment affect economic thoery?

Answer 15

• Mercantilism was attacked
• Instead, “laissez-faire” (nongovernmental interference) was proposed toward land usage
• Influenced Adam smith who argued for free trade, free enterprise, law of supply and demand

Question 16

How did the Enlightenment affect education?

Answer 16

• Attempt to break away from strict control of edu by church and state
• Rousseau proposed progressive edu; children learn by doing and self-expression encouraged

Question 17

How did the Enlightenment affect psychological theory?

Answer 17

• Locke offered theory that all human knowledge was result of sensory experience, w/o preconceived notions
• Wrote “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (1690)