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Biology > Second Exam > Flashcards

Second Exam Flashcards

1
Q

You began life as ____ but there are now more cells in your body than stars in our galaxy.

A

A single cell

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2
Q

Infertility affects __ in __ U.S. couples.

A

1 in 10

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3
Q

What happens during vitro fertilization (IVF)?

A

A sperm and an egg are joined in a petri dish. Commonly referred to as “test tube babies.”

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4
Q

Reproduction is the ____ and occurs more often at the ___ level.

A

Birth of new organisms; cell

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5
Q

Cell division plays a role in…

A

Replacement of lost or damaged cells, and cell reproduction and growth

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6
Q

Before a parent cell divides, it duplicates its ___, resulting in two identical copies called ____.

A

Chromosomes; sister chromatids

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7
Q

In asexual reproduction, single-celled organisms reproduce by ___ division.

A

Simple cell

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8
Q

Some multicelled organisms can divide into pieces that then grow into ____. They are now studied for medication and could cure ____.

A

New individuals; amputation

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9
Q

Sexual reproduction is different; it requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm. Production of sperm and egg is called ___.

A

Meiosis

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10
Q

An advantage of sexual reproduction is ____; however, a disadvantage of it is that ___.

A

Genetic diversity; takes a lot more time.

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11
Q

A genome is…

A

The complete set of an organism’s genes; located on chromosomes in the cell’s nucleus (22,300 genes in each chromosome).

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12
Q

Chromosomes are…

A

Made of chromatin, a mixture of DNA and protein, and are not visible in a cell until cell division occurs.

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13
Q

When the cell divides, the sister chromatids…

A

Separate from each other.

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells that divide undergo an orderly sequence of events called the ____.

A

Cell cycle

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15
Q

The cell cycle consists of two distinct phases: either ____ (when the cell grows) or _____.

A

Interphase or mitotic phase

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16
Q

Mitosis…

A

Is the division of the chromosomes, and is preceded by interphase and followed by it; a cycle

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17
Q

Mitosis consists of four distinct phases (PMAT). PMAT stands for what?

A

Prophase (set up) - everything gets ready; chromosomes become visible

Metaphase (line up) - chromosomes line up side-by-side

Anaphase (move up) - 1/2 move up the cell, 1/2 move down

Telophase (split up) - division occurs

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18
Q

Cytokinesis…

A

Is the division of the cytoplasm, occurs during telophase

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19
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is caused by a breakdown in control of the cell cycle (uncontrolled cell division). Cancer cells divide excessively, and spread from a malignant tumor (metastosis). Almost all cancerous tumors become benign, which means they do not spread.

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20
Q

Cancer treatment includes…

A

Radiation therapy that disrupts cell division (at or near the surface; not used for tumors deep in body).

Chemotherapy that involves drugs that disrupt cell division.

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21
Q

Cancer prevention includes which lifestyle changes?

A
  • Not smoking
  • Avoiding overexposure to the sun (sunburn)
  • Eating a high-fiber, low-fat diet (grains, fruits, veggies)
  • Visiting the doctor regularly
  • Performing regular self-examinations
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22
Q

Sexual reproduction depends on…

A

Meiosis and fertilization

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23
Q

Homologous chromosomes…

A
  • Are organisms of the same species that have the same number and types of chromosomes; matching pairs
  • Have genes at the same specific loci
  • Loci = locations
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24
Q

A somatic cell…

A

Is a body cell (unless it’s an egg/sperm)

Only use mitosis; sex cells only use meiosis

Are diploid cells (46 chromosomes in 23 pairs)

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25
Q

A karyotype is…

A

The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

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26
Q

True or false: males have an XY pair, while females have an XX pair.

A

True

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27
Q

Humans have…

A

22 pairs of matching chromosomes, called autosomes.

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28
Q

Fertilization is the process…

A

When fusion of sperm and egg occurs; both haploid

Creates a zygote, a fertilized egg; diploid (matching pairs)

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29
Q

In meiosis…

A

Haploid gametes

Two consecutive divisions

Crossing over

Just like mitosis, except there are four haploid daughter cells as a result

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30
Q

True or false: offspring of sexual reproduction are genetically different from their parents and from one another (unless you are an identical twin).

A

True

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31
Q

In _______, every chromosome pair sorts independently of the others during meiosis.

A

Independent assortment

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32
Q

The human egg cell is fertilized randomly by one sperm, leading to ______.

A

Genetic variety in the zygote

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33
Q

In crossing over…

A

Homologous chromosomes swap genetic information

Genetic recombination occurs

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34
Q

Testing babies for genetic possibilities involves…

A

Ultrasound and amnio (withdrawing fluid that cushions the fetus)

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35
Q

Gregor Mendel…

A

Figured out the basic principles of genetics

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36
Q

Gregor Mendel studied ____ because they’re…

A

Pea plants; Easy to work with and can self-fertilize

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37
Q

When did Gregor Mendel publish his paper?

A

1866, which was seven years after Charles Darwin published “The Origin of Species”.

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38
Q

Which hypotheses did Mendel develop?

A
  • There are alternate forms of genes, called alleles
  • Alleles can be either dominant or recessive
  • For each trait, an organism has two copies of the gene
  • Egg or sperm carry only one allele for each inherited trait
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39
Q

A phenotype is…

A

An organism’s physical traits

40
Q

A genotype is…

A

An organism’s genetic makeup

41
Q

Each pair of alleles assorts independently of the other pairs during ____.

A

Gamete formation

42
Q

A testcross is a mating between…

A

An individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual

43
Q

Sample size is always better because…

A

Bigger is always better.

44
Q

Mendel’s principles apply to _____.

A

Humans

45
Q

A family pedigree…

A

Shows the history of a trait in a family.

46
Q

Many human traits are controlled by genes located on ____.

A

Autosomes

47
Q

True or false: Most human genetic disorders are dominant.

A

False. Recessive

48
Q

True or false: some patterns of genetic inheritance are not explained by Mendel’s principles.

A

True.

49
Q

The ABO blood groups in humans are examples of _____, which is a relationship between two versions of a gene. This is when individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent.

A

Codominance

50
Q

_____ is the impact of a single gene on more than one trait.

A

Pleiotrophy

51
Q

The chromosome theory of inheritance states that….

A

The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization explains inheritance patterns.

52
Q

____ means dependent assortment

A

Linkage

53
Q

Linked genes are…

A

On the same chromosome

Inherited together, dependent

54
Q

Sex linked genes are…

A

Genes located on a sex chromosome.

55
Q

A number of human conditions result from sex-linked (or _____) genes. An example of a human condition is red-green colorblindness.

A

X-linked

56
Q

Hemophilia is…

A

A blood-clotting disease.

57
Q

True or false: The Y chromosome of human males is only about 1/3 the size of the X chromosome.

A

True

58
Q

Adenine goes with thymine, while cytosine goes with…

A

Guanine

59
Q

____, ____, and ____’s model for DNA suggested that DNA is replicated by a template mechanism.

A

Watson, Crick, and Franklin’s

60
Q

DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins in two stages:

A

Transcription (which occurs in nucleus; produces mRNA, which goes to ribosomes –> cytoplasm –> translates message into a protein)

Translation

61
Q

1) The language of nucleic acids will be translated into the language of _____.
2) When DNA is transcribed the result is…
3) RNA is then translated into a sequence of amino acids in a _____.

A

1) Amino acids
2) An RNA molecule
3) Polypeptide

62
Q

Triplets of bases are…

A

Called codons and they specify all the amino acids.

63
Q

The _____ is the set of rules translating nucleotides sequence to amino acid sequence.

A

Genetic code

64
Q

True or false: the genetic code is shared by all organisms.

A

True

65
Q

In transcription…

A

Genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA

RNA molecule is transcribed from a DNA template.

66
Q

The “start transcribing” signal is a nucleotide sequence called a ______.

A

Promoter.

67
Q

The three phases of transcription are…

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

68
Q

Translation is…

A

The conversion from the nucleic acid language to the protein language.

69
Q

With the help of mRNA…

A

Message is sent from the DNA in the nucleus out into the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.

70
Q

The tRNA…

A

Carries amino acids

Matches codons with anticodons

71
Q

What are the three phases of translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

72
Q

True or false: a fully assembled ribosome holds tRNA and mRNA for use in translation.

A

True

73
Q

Which advances has DNA technology created?

A

Genetically modified food

DNA fingerprinting

Human Genome Project

74
Q

____ is combining genes from different sources; GM organism.

A

Recombinant DNA

75
Q

When was Humulin introduced to the market?

A

1982

76
Q

DNA technology developed a ____, which is a harmless version of a pathogen, for Humulin.

A

Vaccine

77
Q

True or false: Half of American crops of soybeans and corn are genetically modified.

A

True.

78
Q

“Golden rice” has been genetically modified to contain ____; Vitamin A.

A

Beta-carotene

79
Q

____ are the workhorses of DNA technology.

A

Bacterial

80
Q

Biologists use bacterial plasmids, which are…

A

Small, circular DNA molecules that can carry any gene through generations of bacteria.

81
Q

What do plasmids work as?

A

They act as vectors, carriers that move genes.

82
Q

The cutters are called ____, because they cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

A

Restriction enzymes

83
Q

In the “shotgun” approach…

A

Millions of recombinant plasmids are produced

84
Q

What is forensics?

A

Forensics is the scientific analysis of evidence from crime scene investigations.

85
Q

Since when has DNA fingerprinting been available?

A

Since 1986.

86
Q

Some techniques used by DNA fingerprinting are…

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), restriction enzymes, and electrophoresis gel

87
Q

What is genomics?

A

The science of studying entire genomes.

88
Q

When was the Human Genome Project launched?

A

1990

89
Q

Why was the Human Genome Project launched?

A

The Human Genome Project was a massive scientific attempt to determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome and to identify the location and sequence of every gene.

90
Q

What were some challenges to the Human Genome Project?

A

Large size, and the fact that only a small amount of our DNA is genetic.

91
Q

What does the law of segregation state?

A

It states the during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent.

92
Q

What does the law of independent assortment state?

A

It states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes.

93
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The material within a living cell, excluding the cell

94
Q

What is the RNA polymerase?

A

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence, during the process of transcription.

95
Q

What is the DNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase is the enzyme that creates DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule.

Biology (7 decks)

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