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Science Pentathlon 23-24 > Section 3: Technology and Neuroscience > Flashcards

Section 3: Technology and Neuroscience Flashcards

Review/Learn Section III of the Science Pentathlon 23-24 Study Guide.

1
Q

What is Broca’s Area associated with?

A

Speech and language

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2
Q

Who was Paul Broca?

A

A French surgeon and scientist who provided evidence that speech and language areas are found on the left side of the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Who proposed the first neural network?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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4
Q

Which U.S. president launched the BRAIN research campaign?

A

President Barak Obama

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5
Q

When was the BRAIN research campaign LAUNCHED?

A

2013

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6
Q

When did the BRAIN research campaign first get FUNDED?

A

2014

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7
Q

What is the Human Connectome Project working on?

A

Making the world’s largest map of the neural circuit structure and function

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8
Q

What is a connectome?

A

a map of a neural circuit structure and its functions

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9
Q

What are 3 results of the BRAIN research campaign?

A

the Human Connectome Project, publishing of an atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex, and new innovations in microscopy technology

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10
Q

What is perturbing the brain

A

damaging or lesioning an area of the brain to see the effects on the brain

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11
Q

Parkinson’s disease can be treated by which form of electrical stimulation?

A

deep brain stimulation or DBS

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12
Q

Severe depression can be treated by which form of electrical stimulation?

A

electroshock therapy

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13
Q

How does tDCS work?

A

It uses one positive and one negative electrode to influence the activity of particular regions

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14
Q

How does optogenetics work?

A

foreign genes that respond to light are placed inside the brain and they target specific brain areas or neurons

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15
Q

ChR2 is an ion channel that is sensitive to what?

A

light

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16
Q

DNA sequences for which chemical is introduced to a mammal with optogenetics?

A

channelrhodopsin-2, or ChR2

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17
Q

What does TMS do?

A

TMS uses a magnetic field to make the neurons there depolarize or repolarize depending on how strong the magnetic field is

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18
Q

What do scientists mainly use TMS for?

A

they mainly use it to confirm lesion studies

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19
Q

TMS creates a lesion that returns to normal in what amount of time?

A

in a short amount of time

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20
Q

Intracellular recordings are recordings that target what part of the nervous system?

A

an individual neuron

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21
Q

Why are intracellular recordings difficult to do?

A

because they have to target one neuron and neurons are microscopic, making them hard to target individually

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22
Q

What are multi-unit recordings or extracellular recordings?

A

where an electrode measures the membrane potentials of a population of neurons from outside

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23
Q

When was phrenology popular?

A

the 19th century or 1800s

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24
Q

What was phrenology?

A

when a person would feel the bumps on your skull to determine the traits of your brain.

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25
Q

Who invented phrenology?

A

German neuroanatomist Franz Joseph Gall

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26
Q

What type of science is phrenology?

A

pseudoscience

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27
Q

What is pseudoscience?

A

something that is thought to be scientific but has little to no science backing it

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28
Q

Phrenology developed what idea that became true?

A

the theory of localization

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29
Q

What is the theory of localization?

A

the idea that specific brain regions have unique functions

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30
Q

What was the first truly non-invasive way of recording information from actual neurons?

A

the EEG

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31
Q

Who invented the EEG?

A

Hans Berger

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32
Q

Who was Hans Berger?

A

A German psychiatrist

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33
Q

What decade was the EEG invented?

A

the 1920s

34
Q

How did the EEG record information traditionally?

A

it used to involve sticking metal wires into the subject’s skull

35
Q

What does the EEG record brain activity as?

A

brain waves

36
Q

What is a dipole?

A

an area of negative charge next to an area of positive charge

37
Q

EEGs show the activity over what time period?

A

a few milliseconds

38
Q

What is an event-related potential, or ERP?

A

changes in the membrane potential in response to a stimulus

39
Q

What are N170s?

A

N170s are spikes in EEG recordings, occurs mainly when met with visual or auditory stimuli, shows 170 milliseconds after

40
Q

What are the downsides to EEG?

A

It has bad spatial resolution and can only detect areas near the skull

41
Q

What was the truly groundbreaking invention for cognitive neuroscience?

A

MRIs, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging

42
Q

True or false, MRIs can’t be used for other parts of the body and only the brain.

A

False, MRI’s can have many other uses, including finding injuries in other parts of the body

43
Q

What type of atoms align when under an MRI scanner?

A

hydrogen atoms

44
Q

What is an RF or Radio Frequency in an MRI?

A

A radio signal used in an MRI that lasts a moment and changes the alignment of hydrogen atoms

45
Q

What colors are used in MRI maps?

A

shades of black, white, and gray

46
Q

When the hydrogen atoms return to their original locations, what do they send off or emit?

A

the emit faint radio signals

47
Q

True or false: Oxygenated blood has the same magnetic properties as deoxygenated blood?

A

False, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have different magnetic properties, these show up on the MRI scanner

48
Q

What is an fMRI or BOLD Imaging?

A

A type of MRI scanner that tracks where oxygenated blood flows when brain regions are activated.

49
Q

What decade was the fMRI developed?

A

the 1990s

50
Q

fMRI gave evidence for what brain area?

A

the fusiform face area, or FFA

51
Q

What is an FFA?

A

An FFA is a brain area solely focused on processing faces

52
Q

Where is the FFA found?

A

the lower surface of the temporal lobe

53
Q

Is an MRI more or less specific than an EEG or a direct neural recording?

A

MRIs are less specific because they track the blood and overall activity, rather than targeting specific neurons and brain areas

54
Q

What is a BMI?

A

a system that allows people to control a machine or device using only their thoughts

55
Q

What decade did research on BMIs begin?

A

the 1970s

56
Q

Where was neuroprosthetic technology invented?

A

UC San Fransisco

57
Q

What does neuroprosthetic technology do?

A

It records from the brain’s speech centers and translates it into speech

58
Q

How fast with what percent accuracy was neuroprosthetic technology able to perform?

A

up to 18 words per minute with a 93% accuracy

59
Q

What are 2 ways you can take brain activity?

A

implanted and wearable devices

60
Q

What are implanted devices?

A

devices that are surgically attached to tissue

61
Q

When are implanted devices used?

A

they are used with people that have severe disorders or damage to their nervous system

62
Q

What are wearable devices?

A

devices you can wear that use external electrodes, often based on tDCS technology

63
Q

When are wearable devices used?

A

they are used with people who have less severe damage and have fewer risks with it

64
Q

Why would someone choose an implanted device over a wearable device?

A

implanted devices are stronger and have a better ability to record information from the brain

65
Q

What is computation (theoretical) neuroscience?

A

Any type of neuroscience that uses mathematical models, computer simulations, or theoretical analysis to better understand the nervous system

66
Q

What decade was computational neuroscience first thought of?

A

the 1980s

67
Q

Who do most computational neuroscientists collaborate with?

A

experimentalists

68
Q

Who are experimentalists?

A

people who work with actual neurons, brains, or living organisms

69
Q

What is computational neuronal modeling?

A

the use of computer algorithms or simulator programs to model the behavior of neurons to learn more about their processes

70
Q

What are artificial neural networks made to do?

A

they are made to mimic existing networks of neurons in the brain

71
Q

Artificial networks have nodes that act as _________ in the nervous system.

A

neurons

72
Q

Finish the analogy: ______ are to AI as neurons are to humans

A

nodes

73
Q

In artificial neural networks, what are synapses represented as?

A

mathematical weights

74
Q

How are artificial neural networks trained?

A

input is fed to the nodes, and they compare their output to the output desired and change the weights based on the networks’ output

75
Q

What is a deep neural network?

A

a highly complex version of an artificial neural network that is capable of solving extremely difficult problems

76
Q

What type of system was able to beat the board game Go?

A

a deep neural network

77
Q

Go was first beat in 1996. When did a system beat the record?

A

2015

78
Q

How many possible moves are there on each turn of Go?

A

10^360

79
Q

What is psychiatry?

A

a medical field that involves the patient reporting on their physical and emotional states to come up with a diagnosis for their problem

80
Q

What is computational psychiatry?

A

adding computer algorithms to patient descriptions to help come up with a diagnosis, made to improve patient outcomes

81
Q

What decade did computational psychiatry start?

A

2010s

82
Q

What is the goal of computational psychiatry?

A

to help improve a patient’s response to treatments and drugs, and to improve patient outcomes

Science Pentathlon 23-24 (3 decks)

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