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sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

describes the registration and initial encoding of sensory information

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2
Q

perception

A

refers to how the brain organizes sensory information into meaningful representations

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3
Q

retina

A

several layers of cells at the back of the eye

begin initial representation of visual work

extension of the brain

retinal tissue is derived from the neural tissue during embryological development

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4
Q

cones

A

colour
large size
conical shape
bright light
central location
opsins are red, green and blue

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5
Q

rods

A

black/white
small size
narrow shape
dim light
periphal location
opsin is rhodopsin

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6
Q

parallel processing

A

begins with the photoreceptor cells in the retina

rods and cones are an input response

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7
Q

pigments in the rods and cones

A

absorb light energy and transform it into electrochemical energy used in the nervous system

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8
Q

how many rods and cones do we have

A

120 million rods
6 million cones

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9
Q

what causes the release of NT’s in the photoreceptors

A

the cascade of chemical changes inside the rod/cone which changes membrane depolarization

this signals to the next layer of cells within the eye

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of ways rods and cones differ

A

types of pigments
distribution across the retina
interaction with ganglion cells

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11
Q

pigment in rods

A

rhodopsin: saturated in broad daylight therefore rod system will not function

sensitive to very small amounts of light

not sensitive to fine detail because so many feed into one ganglion cell

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12
Q

pigments in cones

A

each contain a different pigment sensitive to a different wavelength in the visible light spectrum

blue (short wavelength), green (medium wavelength) and red (long wavelength)
- pattern of activity in these receptors enables the variation in colour

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13
Q

cones retinal distribution

A

densely in the fovea

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14
Q

rods retinal distribution

A

located in the periphery

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15
Q

fovea

A

main area of focus for vision

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16
Q

rods interaction with ganglion cells

A

many rods feed into a ganglion cell

feature makes it respond to low levels of light

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17
Q

cones interaction with ganglion cells

A

few cones feed into ganglion cell

allows for more fine detail - cannot function under low light conditions

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18
Q

blind spot

A

where optic nerve leaves the eye

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19
Q

ganglion cells

A

cell bodies located in the retina, axons stretch out from retina

output response from eye to brain

two main types of cells M cells and P cells which both form functional pathways

send their input to different destinations in the brain

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20
Q

M cells

A

magnocellular = large

responsive to coarse pattern and detect rapid motion

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21
Q

P cells

A

parvocellular = small

preserve colour information

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22
Q

small bistratified

A

has unique projection to the thalamus

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23
Q

receptive fields

A

the specific region of visual space a cell responds to

when the eye is stationary, light from a particular location in space only falls on a specific part of the retinal surface - this stimulates specific subgroups of rods or cones which send messages to specific ganglion cells

light must be absorbed by a specific rod or cone for that photoreceptor to respond

the brain knows where light has struck by knowing which ganglion cells are excited

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24
Q

centre-surround structure

A

what the receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells have

light in a particular spot in visual space will excited a ganglion cell, but light in the donut shape area encirculating it will enhibit it - can also work in the opposite manner

this enhances contrast (edges and borders of objects)

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25
tectopulvinar pathway
allows us to oriente important visual info quickly fast-acting sensitive to motion and apperances of novel objects in visual periphery recieves most its input from M ganglion cell sends visual info from retina directly to th superior colliculus
26
superior colliculus
pathway that extends to the pulvinar nucleus in the thalamus and to cortical areas that processes info about visual motion sends projections to motor regions that control eye and head movements info leaving optic nerve can terminate here fast-acting not sensitive to fine detail site for integration of auditory and visual senses together allows for orientations of eyes to periphery to be brought to central vision and then go to geniculostriate pathway
27
tectum
in midbrain includes inferior colliculus (auditory) superior colliculus (visual)
28
the geniculostriate pathway
extends to lateral geniculate and then to striate cortex 90 percent of optic nerve fibers project to this pathway enables our consious experience to seeing axons terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
29
lateral geniculate nucleus
continues info to the primary visual (striate) cortex enables perception of colour info from the right side of both retina is sent to the LGN on the right side of the brain and vice versa has six main layers stacked on top of one another and then folded into a knee like shape each layer recieves input from only one eye, but all layers recieve info from the contralateral visual field
30
optic tract
ones the nerve fibers cross at the optic chiasm they are reffered to as this
31
koniocellular layers
small cell layers in-between the main LGN layer receive input from the small bistratified ganglion cells and the superior colliculus relevance to blindsight
32
magnocellular layer
obtains input from M cells detects motion
33
parvocellular layers
obtain input from p cells detect colour and detail
34
retinotopic map
each main layer in the LGn contains this of half the visual field, laid put by the retina itself ensures that info does not get jumbled up when it reaches the LGN fMRI studies show this
35
where does visual info go once it passes through the LGN
Primary visual cortex (striate cortex)
36
Primary visual cortex (striate cortex)
projections from the LGN to here maintain their spatial location not much info from the periphery reaches here, mostly dedicated to the center
37
cortical magnification factor
describes the mm's of cortical surface that are devoted to one degree of angle of the visual world higher for the fovea compared to the periphery
38
why is the primary visual cortex considered striate
because the distinct layers make it appear to be striped
39
cells of the striate cortex
not tuned to light, responds to bards of light oriented in different ways simple cells complex cells hyper-complex cells
40
simple cells
respond to bard of different orientations excitatory centre, inhibatory surround - only fire is bar is oriented in a certain way
41
complex cells
respond best to certain line orientations less picky about where exactly the line is located - do not have an on and off region show preference for direction of movement
42
hyper-complex cells
or end stop cells prefer lines of certain lengths
43
columns in the striate cortex
cells that prefer a given line orientation are grouped together forming orientation columns
44
ocular dominance columns
are made of cells segregated according to which eye sends them input
45
hypercolumn
contains cells that are all tuned to respond to stimulation at a particular spatial location have blobs within - involved in coding colour info each responds to a different retinal location across all, all orientations in space are represented referred to as ice cude tray model
46
importance of having two eyes
helps with depth perception as it is computed by the brain info from both eyes is integrated
47
binocular disparity
the image that falls on each retina is different as the eyes are positioned in different locations - more different when eyes are clos, then when they are far the brain uses this info to determine depth some cells in the striate cortex are especially tuned to certain amounts of binocular disparity - different cells code for different amounts response relies of context - can modulate
48
cerebral achromatopsia
posterior ventral cortex damage and altered colour perception report the world in shades of gray
49
V4 area
colour cells demonstrate colour constancy responsive to other properties like line orientation, depth and motion humans show an association between ventral extrastriate subregions and colour processing, but the exact association is still subject to debate
50
cortical blindness
blindness due to a cortical issue rather than a problem in the eye or optic nerve demonstrates that the primary visual cortex is necessary for conscious awareness of the world
51
blindsight
condition where people have no conscious experience of seeing, because of extensive damage to striate cortex, but can make rudimentary visual discriminations likely due to intact tectopulvinar pathway when geniculostriate pathway is damaged feel like smt is there so you respond to it but do not know why explanations?: involves retention of some visual capabilities without the conscious experience of seeing a small number of LGN pathways bypass striate cortex and go to extrastriate regions instead maybe a combo of both
52
two main routes that leave the striate cortex
ventral - what pathway, identifying objects dorsal - where pathway, representing their spatial locations
53
audition
the perception of sounds a crucial sensory function essential for unique human capacities such as language different sensory features such as the pitch, loudness, timing of sounds must be processed in order to: recognize specific auditory events, separate specific sounds from background noises, locate sounds in space
54
auditory pathway
pinna tympanic membrane ossicles oval window cochlea
55
pinna
where sound enters
56
ossicles
transmit fluid into the cochlea push in and out on oval window
57
the cochlea
an organ in the inner ear that contains hair cells
58
hair cells
translate sound vibrations into neural impulses different sound frequencies stimulate different subsets of hair cells within the cochlea (creates tonotopic map) by knowing which har cells were stimulated, the brain determines which frequencies are present in the sound stimulated when the membranes more back and forth movement of cilia in response causes cells ot emit graded potentials synapses onto spiral ganglion cells - axons make up the auditory nerve have receptors where ions will flow inside - send signals to ganglion cells
59
organ of corti
contains hair cells in middle of cochlea fluid filled canal that contains lymph surround the organ of corti
60
basilar membrane
tonotopically organized apex: wide and floppy, low frequency base: narrow and stiff, high frequency
61
where does auditory info go before reaching the auditory cortex
medulla: cochlear nucleus (auditory nerve synapses onto), superior olivary nucleus midbrain: inferior colliculus thalamus: medial geniculate nucleus then info gets sent to primary auditory cortex
62
interaural time difference
will reach right ear before it reaches your left
63
interaural intensity difference
will be louder when it reaches your right ear head will block some of the sound
64
where are sounds from above and below computed
shaped differently by the structures of the outer ear cues are analyzed by the auditory system to determine location in the vertical dimension
65
computation of spatial location
appears to take place in the brainstem done in part by using delay lines and cells call coincidence detectors tht take into account the different arrival times of a sound at the left nd right ears
66
core
receives input from the medial geniculate nucleus
67
belt
receives most of its input from the core
68
parabelt
receives input from the belt
69
what is the auditory cortex divided into
core, belt, and parabelt
70
tonotopic maps
map of sound frequencies cells that respond best to lower frequencies located rostrally, cells that responds best to higher frequencies located caudally individual cells have preferred sound frequencies within a particular range will excite the cell
71
sharply tuned curves
only fires for very specific Hz
72
broadly tuned curves
will fire for a range of Hz
73
planum temporale
important for speech perception auditory pattern recognition
74
posterior regions of auditory cortex
information about spatial locations where
75
anterior regions of auditory cortex
information about nonspatial features what

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