sensory physiology Flashcards by Jacob Amato

what is modality and quality for sensory system

what is being sensed

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examples of Modality and quality

Vision
Audition
Balance
Somatosensation
Taste
Olfaction
Visceral

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what are the submodalities of somatosensation

Pressure
Pain
Temp

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what are the submodalities of taste

Sweet
sour
bitter
salty
Umami

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what is the intensity of a sensation

how much

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what is the lcoation of a sensation

where

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what is the duration of a sensation

When

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are all stimulus the same importance for each sesnory system

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where do unique expereinces associated with a particular modality begin

at the receptor

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what is the initial interaction of a stimulus with a receptor

transduction

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what is transduction

transformation of a physical energy into a neural signal

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the type of energy that a given receptor type is most sensitive to

adequate stimulus

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the stimulation site that elicit neural response

Receptive field

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types of thresholds

neural threshold

Perceptual threshold

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neural threshold

the amount needed to depolarizae a neuron

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preceptual threshold

absolute, difference

- how much it takes for one to notice

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law of specific nerve energyeis

Central connection determine modality

i.e. stimulation of optic nerve bypassing receptors mean light

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relates physical properiteis of stimulus to sensation

Psychophyscs

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what types of sesnations have sensory receptors on the primary afferent neuron

Somatosensory (mechanoreceptors, thermoreceeptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors)
Olfaction (chemoreceptors)

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what types of sensations have sensory receptors on a recetpor cell that comunicates with the primary afferent neuron

Vision (photoreceptors)
Audition (mechanoreceptors)
Balance (mechanoreceptors)
Taste (Chemoreceptors)

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what is a physical (direct) interaction of a stimulus

what interaction with membrane preotein opens ion channels

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what senations do physical (direct) interaction

somatosensory
Vestibuluar
Auditory
taste

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what is a molecular interaction with a stiulus

interactions with a membran protein (G-protein)

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what sensations do molecular interaction

vision
taste
olfaction

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how does direction transduction occure in the taste system

1. Na+ enters through ENaCs(epithelial Na+ channels): depolarization of cell 2. Action potential leads to Ca++ entry 3. Release of ATP as neurotransmitter (not stored in vesicles)

what mechanoreceptors are used in direct transduction pathways

Piezo1 and piezo 2

what are piezo1 and piezo2

A unique family of large + transmembrane segments for direct transduction

key evidence of piezo 1 and piezo2

Dorsal Root Ganglion cell Response to pressure Knockouts show reduced response

what is TRP receptors

A direct transduction pathway of 31 types with 8 families

full name for TRP recptors

TRansient Receptor Potential receptors

discovery of TRP receptors

Family of ion channels first found in Drosophila then mammalian cells

what makes up TRP receptors

6 transmembrane domains with channel between 5 and 6

actions of TRP receptros

cation ion channels that can pass Ca++

activation of TRP receptors

large variety of activating mechanisms - intracellular Ca++ - temp - chem - sound - light - pH - osmolarity - mechanical can open - different TRP channels

what does the VAnilloid REceptor (TRPV1 or V1 respond to

capsaicin heat ( >42 degrees C) Protons

Stimulation of Vanilloid REceptor (TRPV1 or V1) leads to

influx of cations (Na+ and Ca++)

types of Indirect G-protein coupled receptors for olfaction

300-650 types - Golf - Gs - - 2 large families

types of Indirect receptors for vision

a dozen types Rhodopsin (rods) Photopsins (cones)

Types of Indirect receptors for taste

Gustductin

what submodality of taste does Molecular G-proteins work for

Taste

how does Molecular G-protein reception work for sweet taste

Sugars bind to REceptor coupled G-protein Release of intracellular Ca++ activates TRPm5 channel (TRP) Depolarization leads to AP and relase of Neurotransmitter ATP

general steps for coding for intensity

Increase in stimulus intensit Increase in receptor potential Increased number of APs

Correlation between neural response and Human perception

increased firing rate is directly related to perceptual response

what is THreshold

Not a precise value; | A statistical concept as a stimulus intensity dected on 50% of trials

what affects the threshold

not only a funtion of stimulus | - can be affected by psychological, neurological, or pharmacological factors

uses of threshold

Diagnostic tool

High odor threshold is predicitive of what

Alzheimer's disease

how was it determined that high odor threshold predictive of alzheimer's disease

Elderly patients tested in an odor threshold test Cognitive test 1 yr after testing PAtients with alzheimer's had higher thresholds in the earlier olfaction threshold test

receptive field

what a receptor (or neuron) is sensitve to

what happens to location and intensity in a single neuron

Location and Intensity are confounded

roll of LAteral inhibition

Improves spatial localization( neurons lateral to a stimulus inhibit each other, so that only strong stimulus's produce lots of AP

do indiviusal fibers respond to Odors

Noyt, specifically tuned, but are more broadly tuned

how do we get an infinite amount of odor qualities

Comparing activity across olfactory fibers

when are rapidly adapting singals important

for rapidly changing stimuli such as virbation or moving stimul

when is slowly adpating singalling important

for prolonged events (joint and muscle receptors that help maintain upright posture, provide signal for sustained pressure)

what does Presynaptic excitation or inhibition lead to

more or less Ca++ enry to modulate neurotransmitter release

the auditory pathway

1. Hair cells (receptor cells) in cochlea (inner ear) 2. Innervation by VIII nerve 3. VIII nerve synapses in cochlear nuclei 4. Ascending sensory pathway to cortex 5. Efferent pathway from superior olivary nuclei

what is the Auditory Efferents

Efferents from the superior olive synapse on hair receptor cells

what is the synapse of the superior olive on hair receptors

is an inhibitory nicotinic receptor (Ca++ activated K+ Channels leading to hyperpolarization

roll of auditory efferents

functions to set gain of receptor neuron to respond to different kinds of auditory events

what is held in the olfactory cortex

frontal cortex

where is the auditory cortex

Temporal lobe

where is the somatosensory cortex

PArietal lobe

where is the taste cortex

Insular cortex

where is the visual cortex

Occipital lobe

what is the somatotopic map

the body representation of neurons

what is the Tonotopic map

auditory pitch representation

what is the Retinotopic map

Visual field representation

are sensory maps all the same

No dynapmic (plastic) - experience - Neurological injury

what happens to the cortical area if you over stimulate 3 and 2 digits

the 3rd and 2nd digit areas becomes larger (Central sprouting)

sensory physiology Flashcards

(70 cards)