Session 1 - Introduction To MSK

Question 1

What are the 5 classification of bones?

Answer 1

Long flat short irregular sesamoid

Question 2

Describe long bones and give an example.

Answer 2

Longer than they are wide

Femur

Question 3

Describe flat bones and give an example.

Answer 3

Flat

Sternum

Question 4

Describe short bones and give an example.

Answer 4

As long as they are wide

Carpal bones in wrist

Question 5

Describe irregular bones and give an example.

Answer 5

Vary in shape and structure

Vertebrae

Question 6

Describe sesamoid bones and give an example.

Answer 6

Bones embedded in tendons

Patella

Question 7

What is the function of depressions on bone surfaces?

Answer 7

Provide passage for blood vessels and other soft tissues

Question 8

What are bone processes?

Answer 8

Prominent projections of bones

Question 9

What is the function of openings on bone surfaces?

Answer 9

Allow blood vessels and nerves to pass into or through the bone

Question 10

What are the 4 types of arteries that supply bones and what do they supply?

Answer 10

Nutrient artery - inner cortex and marrow
Periosteal artery - periosteum and outer cortex
Metaphyseal artery - metaphysis
Epiphyseal artery - epiphysis

Question 11

What are 6 features of a synovial joint structure?

Answer 11

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrous capsule 
Synovial membrane
Bursa
Tendon sheaths
Synovial fluid

Question 12

State Hilton’s Law.

Answer 12

Nerves supplying the muscles moving the joint also supply the joint capsule and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

Question 13

What are 6 factors that can affect the range of motion of joints?

Answer 13

Structure or shape of bones
Strength and tension of ligaments
Arrangement and tone of muscle around joint
Apposition of neighboring soft tissues
Hormonal effects
Disuse

Question 14

State the 3 steps of embryological development of synovial joints.

Answer 14

Areas of mesenchyme within limb buds differentiates into hyaline cartilage
Cells at centre of interzone undergo apoptosis to form cavity
Surrounding mesenchyme cells from perichondrium form periosteum, capsule and ligaments

Question 15

What is a class 1 lever?

Answer 15

Fulcrum between effort and load

Question 16

Give an example of a class 1 lever

Answer 16

Head on top of the neck

Question 17

What is a class 2 lever?

Answer 17

Load is between fulcrum and effort

Question 18

What is an example of a class 2 lever?

Answer 18

Standing on tiptoes

Question 19

What is a class 3 lever?

Answer 19

Effort is between fulcrum and load

Question 20

What is an example of class 3 lever?

Answer 20

Elbow joint fulcrum, biceps is effort, load is weight of forearm and hand

Question 21

What are 2 main concepts of muscle action?

Answer 21

Only pull cannot push

Only act on joints that they or their tendons cross

Question 22

What is the point of origin?

Answer 22

Stationary anchor point situated proximally in the limb

Question 23

What is the point of insertion?

Answer 23

Mobile attachment point situated distally in the limb

Question 24

What are 3 ways skeletal muscle fibers can be arranged?

Answer 24

Parallel
Pinnate
Circular

Question 25

What are the 5 roles of muscles in coordinated movement?

Answer 25

``` Agonist Antagonist Synergistic Neutralizer Fixator ```

Question 26

What are agonist?

Answer 26

Prime muscles responsible for a movement

Question 27

What are antagonists?

Answer 27

Muscles which opposing movement

Question 28

What are synergists?

Answer 28

Muscles that act to assist the prime mover

Question 29

What are neutralizers?

Answer 29

Prevent the unwanted actions of a muscle

Question 30

What are fixators?

Answer 30

Muscles that stabilizes a joint

Question 31

What is superficial fascia?

Answer 31

Subcutaneous fatty layer found in most regions of body

Question 32

What is deep fascia?

Answer 32

Thickened elaboration of epimysium enveloping muscle compartments

Question 33

What do tendons do?

Answer 33

Connect muscle to bone

Question 34

What do ligaments do?

Answer 34

Connect bone to bone

Question 35

What do aponeuroses?

Answer 35

Connect muscle to muscle, sometimes bone

Question 36

What are the 7 steps of prenatal limb development?

Answer 36

Limb buds appear during 4th week of development Ectodermal cells form apical ectodermal ridge and inducts mesenchyme to grow Limb buds elongate when mesenchyme proliferates Mesenchymal skeleton forms Ossification of cartilage Myoblasts aggregate to form muscle in limb buds Upper and lower limbs rotate in opposite directions

Question 37

What is homeotic mutation?

Answer 37

Mutation that causes tissues to alter their normal differentiation pattern, producing integrated structures in unusual locations

Question 38

How does polydactyly occur?

Answer 38

Hox genes governing digit development mutate, resulting in formation of extra digits

Question 39

What is a fracture?

Answer 39

Complete or incomplete break in the continuity of bone

Question 40

What is a transverse fracture?

Answer 40

Break is at a right angle to the long axis

Question 41

What is a linear fracture?

Answer 41

Fracture line parallel to long axis

Question 42

What is an oblique fracture?

Answer 42

Fracture line is at oblique angle to long axis

Question 43

What is a spiral fracture?

Answer 43

Fracture line spirals found in multiple planes

Question 44

What are compression fractures?

Answer 44

Crushed cancellous bone

Question 45

What are green stick fractures?

Answer 45

Incomplete fracture where bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into separate pieces

Question 46

What are the 3 phases of fracture healing in MSK radiology?

Answer 46

Inflammatory Reparative Remodelling

Question 47

What are 3 stages in the inflammatory phase?

Answer 47

Hematoma formation, tissue death and inflammation

Question 48

What are 3 stages of reparative phase?

Answer 48

Angiogenesis Soft callus formation Hard callus formation

Question 49

What happens during remodelling phase?

Answer 49

Gradual replacement of hard callus with mature bone

Question 50

What are the 2 radiographic changes that are seen in limbs during childhood?

Answer 50

Able to see growth plates which become thinner and eventually disappear when they grow older Degree of ossification of carpal bones