Short Term/Working Memory Flashcards
Processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.
memory
Which type of processing does memory affect? Top-down or bottom-up?
Top-down because you need to remember your preconceived notions before you apply them to what you see.
_______ is active anytime a past experience has an impact on how you think or behave in the present or future
memory
Model of memory consisting of 3 stages of memory: Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
What model is this?
Describe each step.
Modal Model of Memory
- Sensory memory - initial stage holding incoming information for seconds
- Short-term memory - holds 5-7 items for 15-20 seconds
- Long-term memory - permanent memory store holding large amount of information for years or decades
How long is each stage of the Modal Model of Memory?
- Sensory Memory - < 3 seconds
- Short term memory - 5-7 items for 15-20 seconds
- Long term memory - permanent
Active processes supporting encoding that can be controlled by the person
control processes
Two types of control processes:
maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
Repeating things over and over to help you remember
maintenance rehearsal
Relating new information to previously encoded things
Elaborative rehearsal
(type of control process)
Relating new information to previously encoded things
Elaborative rehearsal
(type of control process)
The retention for BRIEF periods of time (seconds or milliseconds), of the effects of sensory stimulation
sensory memory
Brief sensory memory of the things we see
iconic
(eye-conic lol)
Perceiving a film as smooth or continuous, rather than a series of interrupted still images (like the phi phenomenon) is called ____________ (3), which is due to _________ memory, because:
Persistence of vision
Iconic memory
We remember the frame before.
the brief sensory memory of things we hear, which is _________ memory, is responsible for ____________ (3), which is why songs sound continuous as connected
echoic memory
persistence of sound
How long does echoic memory last?
1-4 seconds
The __________ paradigm was created to measure the capacity and duration of sensory memory.
Sperling
Paradigm/model in which letters flashed quickly on screen and participants asked to report as many letters as possible; consistent of partial reports or full reports as the manipulated variables.
What did this measure?
Sperling Paradigm measuring Sensory Memory
Sperling partial report + result
just reporting the row that corresponds with the pitch of the tone played - high, medium, or low -> top, middle, bottom
- have access to ANY row actually
- can report > 80% of any row
- information briefly accessible, just decays in the time it takes to recite a few letters -> sensory memory is brief; 1-4 seconds
Full report Sperling paradigm + result
reporting all the letters
most could only report about a third of the letters
Delayed partial report method Sperling Paradigm + result
just like partial report except presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished
- this slight delay caused poorer performance; sensory memory is so short
memory that stores small amounts of information for a brief duration of 15-20 seconds or less
short term memory
_________ consists of current sensory stores AND information recalled or retrieved from long term memory
short-term memory
Participants read 3 letters and a number then begin counting backwards by 3s (to distract them), and then asked to recall the 3 letters.
After 3 seconds, participants performed at around 80%.
Peterson and Peterson Short-term memory duration experiment
In the Peterson and Peterson experiment on the duration of short term memory, after 18 seconds of counting participants performed at 12%, suggesting that STM duration is about how many seconds?
15-20 seconds
