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Introductory Biochemistry > Simple Lipids > Flashcards

Simple Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main biological functions of lipids?

A
  1. A major structural element of membranes
  2. Important fuel molecules and energy stores
  3. Some act as hormones, intracellular membranes, and vitamins
  4. Some have specialist functions
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2
Q

What are some examples of simple lipids?

A

Waxes and neutral lipids (storage fats)

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3
Q

What are some examples of complex lipids?

A

Phospholipids and glycolipids

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4
Q

Are esters complex or simple lipids?

A

Simple lipids

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5
Q

Esters contain what group?

A

An alkyl group (-O-)

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6
Q

Hydrolysing an ester/simple lipids yields what two products?

A

Alcohol and fatty acids

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7
Q

What is a wax?

A

An ester formed from a long fatty acid chain and a long chain alcohol

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8
Q

What is the general formula of a fatty acid?

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

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9
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

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10
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid that contains carbon-carbon double bonds

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11
Q

How many carbon-carbon double bonds do monounsaturated fatty acids contain?

A

One

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12
Q

How many carbon-carbon double bonds do polyunsaturated acids contain?

A

Two or more

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13
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids that cannot be made by the body and instead must be digested

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14
Q

What are semi-essential fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids that can be made in small amounts by the body and can be supplemented by digestion

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15
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids?

A

Omega-3 and omega-6

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16
Q

Omega-3 fatty acids are good for health. Why?

A
  1. Regulated blood cholesterol
  2. Reduces blood pressure
  3. Maintains healthy brain health
  4. Maintains foetal development
17
Q

Omega-6 fatty acids can be used as what molecules is the body?

A

Precursor molecules

18
Q

In naturally occurring fatty acids, do the carbon chains have an even or uneven number of carbons?

A

Mostly even

19
Q

In naturally occurring fatty acids, do the carbon chains have branches?

A

No, usually unbranched

20
Q

In naturally occurring fatty acids, is the configuration of the double bonds mostly cis or trans?

A

Cis

21
Q

In naturally occurring fatty acids, the double bonds are separated by at least one ___ group. They are never conjugated.

A

Methylene

22
Q

Sometimes, naturally occurring odd-chain fatty acids can be present in small amounts. C11-C33 are present in what?

A

In animals, usually in ruminant fats and milks

23
Q

Sometimes, naturally occurring odd-chain fatty acids can be present in small amounts. What are the two most common?

A

C15 and C17

24
Q

Fatty acids can be categorised according to their length. What length is C2-C5?

A

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)

25
Q

Fatty acids can be categorised according to their length. What length is C6-C12?

A

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA)

26
Q

Fatty acids can be categorised according to their length. What length is C13-C21?

A

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA)

27
Q

Fatty acids can be categorised according to their length. What length is C22+?

A

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA)

28
Q

What type of bacteria contain some of the longest identified fatty acids (C39-C56)?

A

Mycobacterium

29
Q

Proteins can be modified by fatty acids during what process?

A

Post-translational modification

30
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

A stomach hormone which, when raised, can cause the sensation of hunger

31
Q

Fatty acids can be attached to ___ to alter signalling properties.

A

Proteins

32
Q

What is the basic unit of a lipid?

A

A triglyceride

33
Q

What is a triglyceride synthesised from?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

34
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

An organic compound that contains hydroxyl groups (-OH)

35
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

An organic compound that contains carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) with long hydrocarbon tails

36
Q

Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form esters. Other than an ester, what else is produced and what type of reaction is this?

A

A condensation reaction that produces a water molecule

37
Q

Triglycerides formed between glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids are usually what?

A

Oils

38
Q

Triglycerides formed between glycerol and saturated fatty acids are usually what?

A

Fats

Introductory Biochemistry (16 decks)

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