Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton

What does it consist of?

A
The principal supportive structure of the body. 
Axial skeleton consists of:
The skull
The vertebral column
The sternum
The hyoid
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2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

What does it consist of?

A

Comprises the bony structures that attach to the axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton consists of:
The pectoral (or shoulder) girdles
The upper limbs 
The pelvic girdle 
The lower limbs
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3
Q

The skull is divided into two parts:

A

The cranial bones - which form the bony protection for the brain

The facial bones - which form the bony structure of the facial features

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4
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones that form the structure called the cranium?

A
Frontal bone
Parietal bone 2
Occipital bone
Temporal bone 2
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
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5
Q

The frontal bone meets the parietal bones at what immovable joint?

A

Coronal suture

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6
Q

The two parietal bones (these form the side and top of the skull) meet at what suture point?

A

Sagittal suture

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7
Q

Each temporal bone (these lie one on each side of the head, forming immovable joints with parietal, occipital, and sphenoid bones) is divided into four parts, there are?

A
  1. Squamous part (flat fan-like)
  2. Mastoid process (behind the ear,
    communicates with the middle ear)
  3. Petrous portion (forms base of skull)
  4. Zygomatic process ( forms zygomatic arch or cheekbone)
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8
Q

The temporal bone forms a movable joint with ___________? What is it called?

A

With the mandible bone. This joint is called the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) it is the only movable joint in the skull.

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9
Q

This bone forms the back of the head and part of the base of the skull.

A

Occipital bone

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10
Q

The occipital bone has immovable joints with which three bones?

A

Parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones

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11
Q

Between the two articular condyles is a large opening in the occiput through which the spinal cord passes through. What is he name of the opening?

A

The foramen magnum

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12
Q

The ethmoid and sphenoid is mainly a bone of the ____________ of the skull.

A

Base of the skull

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13
Q

Name the facial bones

A
  1. Maxilla (two fused)
  2. Mandible
  3. Zygomatic (2)
  4. Nasal (2)
  5. Palatine (two fused)
  6. Lacrimal (2)
  7. Vomer
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14
Q

These two bones form the upper jaw, the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, lateral walls of the nasal cavities and part of the floor of the orbital cavities.

A

Maxillae bones

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15
Q

What is the name of the portion which hold the teeth?

A

Alveolar ridge

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16
Q

This is the strongest bone in the face and the only movable bone of the skull

A

The mandible

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17
Q

The mandible has two parts:

A

The body– containing the alveolar ridge with lower teeth

Ramus– projects from the body forming the angle of the jaw

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18
Q

Each ramus divided into two processes:

A

The condyloid process forming the temporo-mandibular joint

The coronoid process where muscles attach

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19
Q

The zygomatic articulates with the temporal bone forming…?

A

The zygomatic arch

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20
Q

The external, bony part of the nose is called?

A

The nasal bones

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21
Q

These are two L shaped bones

A

Palatine bones

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22
Q

The smallest of the facial bones, which form part of the eye socket is?

A

Lacrimal bones

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23
Q

This bone forms the lower part of the bony nasal septum

A

Vomer bone

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24
Q

How many bones compose the orbit or eye socket ?

A

Seven

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25
Q

What are hollow cavities within certain bones, which are in communication with the nasal cavities?

A

The sinuses

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26
Q

What is the main function of sinuses?

A

To reduce the weight of the skull and they also give resonance to the voice

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27
Q

How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

A

24 individual irregular bones

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28
Q

The vertebral column is divided into five regions

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
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29
Q

How many cervical vertebrae ( which support the neck)?

A

Seven

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30
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

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31
Q

Thoracic vertebrae support?

A

The chest and articulate with the ribs

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32
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae?

A

5

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33
Q

What does the lumbar vertebrae supports?

A

The upper body and lower back

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34
Q

How many fused bones form the sacrum?

A

5

35
Q

Coccyx is also known as?

A

The tailbone

36
Q

The first vertebrae is called_____? And what movement does it allow?

A

The atlas and allows the head to nod

37
Q

The second cervical vertebra is called _____? What motion does it allow?

A

The axis and allows rotation of the head at the odontoid process

38
Q

What bones form the thoracic cage?

A

The sternum, the ribs and the thoracic vertebrae

39
Q

The thoracic cages houses?

A

The lungs and heart

40
Q

What three parts make up the sternum?

A

The manubrium, the body and the xiphoid process

41
Q

The robs attach to the lateral borders of the sternum via _____?

A

The costal cartilage

42
Q

How many ribs do we have?

A

12 pairs

43
Q

What is the spaces between the robs called?

A

Intercostal spaces

44
Q

The shoulder girdle is also called?

A

The pectoral girdle

45
Q

There is a pectoral girdle on each side of the body and consists of ?

A

One clavicle and one scapula

46
Q

The clavicle attaches to the sternum medially, forming what joint?

A

The sterno-clavicar joint

47
Q

The clavicle also forms a joint with the scapula called?

A

The acromio-clavicular joint

48
Q

What bone forms the posterior part of the pectoral, and lies on the chest wall posterior to the ribs?

A

The scapula

49
Q

The upper limbs consist of?

A
Humerus
Radius
Ulna 
Carpal bones -8
Metacarpals -5
Phalanges-14
50
Q

Names the right carpal bones

A
Trapezium 
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
51
Q

The pelvic girdle is made up of?

A

The sacrum and coccyx and two hip bones.

52
Q

The pelvic is divided into two parts?

A

A shallow upper area– false pelvis

A deeper, lower cavity–true pelvis

53
Q

What three fused bones make up the hip bones?

A

The ilium, ischium and pubis.

54
Q

The lower limbs consist of?

A
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella
Tarsals
Metatarsal bones --5
Phalanges --14
55
Q

What is the longest and strongest bone of the body?

A

The femur

56
Q

Name the seven tarsal bones forming the ankle

A
Calcaneus- forming the heel
Talus - forming the ankle joint
Navicular
Cuboid
Three cuneiform bone
57
Q

Define joints

A

Joints are defined as the articulation between two or more bones

58
Q

Name the five types of bone shapes

A
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
59
Q

These are projections of bumps arising from the main body of the bone, and are generally prominent landmarks on the bone

A

Bony processes

60
Q

Name the three joint categories

A

Fixed or immovable joints– no movement takes place
Also known as fibrous joints

Slightly movable joints –small amounts of movements take place. Also known as cartilaginous joints

Freely movable joints– where a lot of movement takes place. Also known as synovial joint

61
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
Ball and socket
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Gliding joints
Saddle joints
62
Q

Bending, usually forward, backward in case of the knee

A

Flexion

63
Q

Extension

A

Straightening

64
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from midline of body

65
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards midline of body

66
Q

Rotation

A

Movement round the long axis of the body

67
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

68
Q

Retraction

A

Is the movement that draws the scapulae towards each other towards the posterior midline

69
Q

Protraction

A

Pulls scapulae away from each other

70
Q

Elevation

A

Involves lifting up of the shoulders, as in shrugging

71
Q

Pronation (forearm)

A

Turns the palm downward

72
Q

Supination (forearm)

A

Turns the palm upwards so the hand faces forward

73
Q

Eversion (ankle)

A

Means sole facing out

74
Q

Inversion (ankle)

A

Means some facing in

75
Q

Dorsiflexion (ankle)

A

Toes pull upwards towards the knee.

76
Q

Plantar-flexion (ankle)

A

The toes point down to the ground

77
Q

A number of cells which are grouped together Ana specialized into a specific structural and functional unit

A

Tissue

78
Q

Bone is a ______________ tissue

A

Connective tissue

79
Q

Basic building blocks of all living things

A

Cells

80
Q

Name the two different types of bone tissue

A

Compact bone–which is hard, compact and dense

Cancellous bone – which is softer, spongy and lighter

81
Q

___________________ is the tissue in which blood cells are formed

A

Red bone marrow

82
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

Water 25%
Organic material 30%
Inorganic salts 45%

83
Q

What is the process which produces bone ?

A

Osteoblasts

84
Q

What is the process that remove bone.

A

Osteoclasts