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Flashcards in Skeletal Deck (56)
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1
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

stretchy and strong

  • mid range, most common
  • found in: nose, trachea, ribs, fetal skeleton, end of long bones
2
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

strongest

-found in: intervertebral disc‘s, pubic symphysis, knee meniscus

3
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

stretchiest

  • found in: ear, epiglottis
4
Q

Axial skeleton

A

lie along the long axis

  • ribs, skull, vertebrae
5
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

limbs

  • pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
6
Q

Long bones

A

longer than they are wide

  • ex: humorous, tibia, femur
7
Q

Short bones

A

cube shaped

  • ex: patella, carpals
8
Q

Flat bones

A

thin, flat and a bit curved

-ex: ribs, sternum, most of skull

9
Q

Irregular bones

A

bones with complicated shapes

-ex: vertebrae, oxcoaxe

10
Q

Functions of bones

A
  1. Support
    • framework, cradles soft organs
  2. Protection
    • encloses soft organs (skull, vital organs)
  3. Movement
    • provide levers for muscles
  4. Mineral storage
    • stores calcium and phosphorus
  5. Blood cell formation
    • hematopoiesis (hollow part of bone)
11
Q

Compact bone

A

dense outer layer

12
Q

Spongy bone

A

honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow

*trabeculae: little beams

13
Q

Where is bone marrow?

A

stored in medulla cavity

14
Q

What covers the ends of long bones?

A

articular cartilage

15
Q

Structure of a flat bone

A
  • Compact bone: outer layer of compact and spongy bone inside
  • Spongy bone (diploë): in short, flat and irregular
16
Q

Location of hemopoietic tissue

A

In red marrow and makes RBCs, WBCs and platelets

  • infants : found medulla cavity and spongy bone
  • adults: found in diploë, head of femur and humerus
    > anemics can convert yellow to red marrow in need
17
Q

Osteoclasts

A

large cells that absorb and

breakdown bone matrix

18
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells

  • when is trapped in matrix it turns into osteocyte
19
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature bone cells

20
Q

Osteoid

A

unmineralized bone matrix

21
Q

Lacuna

A

hollowed out space for osteocyte to live

22
Q

Canaliculus

A

tiny canals nutrients diffuse from blood vessel in Haversion canal to osteocyte

23
Q

Osteon

A

functional unit of bone

  • Haversian system
24
Q

Lamellae

A

hard nonliving part (matrix)

25
Q

Perforating fibers

A

– AKA Sharpeys fibers

  • connects periosteum to bone
26
Q

blood vessel

A

continues into medullary cavity containing marrow

27
Q

Central (Haversian) canal

A

hollow tube for blood vessel and nerve

  • Parallel with long bone
28
Q

perforating (Volkmanns) canal

A

Space for blood vessel and nerves

  • perpendicular to long bone
29
Q

What color is the marrow in spongy bone?

A

Red

30
Q

Calcification

A

hardening and crystallization of bone matrix

  • adding minerals to osteoid/matrix
31
Q

Hydroxyapatites

A

mostly mineral salts like: calcium, phosphate and about 65% bone mass

  • gives bone hardness and resistance to compression
32
Q

Ossification

A
  • Osteogenesis + Ossification: process of bone tissue formation
  • leads to: formation of bony skeleton embryos, bone growth until adulthood, bone growth + thickness, remodeling + repair
33
Q

Intra-membranous ossification

A

bone develops from fibrous membrane, flat bones in skull and clavicle

34
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

bones forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, long bones, fetus formed this way

35
Q

Lysosomal enzymes

A
  • disgust collagen and organic material
36
Q

Acid

A

dissolve bone minerals

37
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Bone resorption followed by bone deposit

  • osteoclasts > osteoblasts
38
Q

Bone resorption

A

Osteoclasts bind to periosteum/endosteum to form a leak proof seal and secretes lysosome enzyme and acids

39
Q

Bone deposit

A

Osteoblasts lay down new bone (osteoid)

40
Q

Calcium

A

Important to have an adequate amount in bloodstream

41
Q

Importance of calcium?

A

More important to keep calcium in bloodstream because of nerves impulses, muscle contractions, mitosis

42
Q

Wolff’s law

A
  • Bone becomes thicker/stronger to resist forces placed upon it (running and weights)
  • Bones becomes thinner/weaker when no forces are acting on it (swimming, astronauts)
43
Q

Developmental aspects of bone

A

Embryonic skeleton ossifies in a predictable timetable that allows fetus age to be easily determined

  • at birth most bones are well ossified
  • at 25 nearly all bones completely ossified and old age bone resorption predominates
44
Q

Osteomalacia

A

inadequate bone mineralization caused by lack of calcium and vitamin D

  • treated: add calcium and vitamin D in diet
45
Q

Ricketts

A

inadequate bone mineralization in children

  • treated: add calcium and vitamin D in diet
  • can cause: bone deformities (bowed legs)
46
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. bone turns weak/porous.

  • treated: working out + vitamin D
  • causes: kyphosis (hunchback)
  • Why little old white women?
    • Little- less weight on bones
    • Old - post menopausal, lack of hormones and estrogen
    • White- less vitamin D
    • Women – less testosterone
47
Q

Pagets

A

excessive bone formation and breakdown

48
Q

FOP

A
  • fibrous dysplasia ossifigous progressiva
  • soft tissue can turn into bone tissues
    • no known cure
49
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

high levels of blood calcium.

  • cause: kidney stones
50
Q

Club foot

A

foot turns inward or sole of turns upward

  • easily fixed
51
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

repetitive finger movement

  • treated: lower activity of fingers or surgery
52
Q

Spina bifida

A

spine and spinal cord fail to develop properly (neural tube defect)

  • caused by: folate deficiency, obesity, diabetes
53
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease where bones don’t form properly. bones are weak, shatter easily, sometimes painful, blue sclera, trouble hearing

  • Caused by in adequate collagen
  • no treatment
54
Q

Achondroplasia

A

type of dwarfism where head is normal size

  • defective cartilage that interferes growth of long bones
  • no cure
55
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

bone cancer

-More common in young people because bone is still developing

56
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Bone infection