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Skill Acquisition Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What’s a skill ?

A

Learned ability to bring abt predetermined results with max certainty and efficiency, often with minimal effort or energy

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of a skill ?

A

Aesthetic
Fluent
Accurate and controlled
Consistent
Learnt

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3
Q

What is ability ?

A

The innate, genetically determined traits that form the foundation for the development of skills and performance in various sports

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4
Q

Examples of ability:

A

Balance
Coordination
Muscular power and endurance
Flexibility

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5
Q

What is gross-motor ability ?

A

Refers to the skills that involve large muscle groups to produce powerful, coordinated and efficient movements

Requires high level of physical fitness and spatial awareness

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6
Q

What is psycho-motor ability ?

A

Refers to the skills that involve the integration of brain and muscle function to produce precise and controlled movements

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7
Q

What’re the 6 skill continuums ?

A

Environmental
Pacing / control
Muscular involvement
Difficulty
Organisation
Continuity

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8
Q

What is the environmental continuum ?

A

Consists of open and closed skills

Open: unstable environment, its influenced by external factors (opponents), not done the same all the time

Closed: stable environment, little to no external factors influence it, done the same nearly all the time

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9
Q

What is pacing / control continuum ?

A

Consist of self paced and externally paced skills

Self paced: timing and speed of execution controlled by performer

Externally paced: execution of skill is influenced by external factors

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10
Q

What is the muscular involvement continuum ?

A

Consist of gross and fine skills

Gross: large muscle group movements, powerful

Fine: smaller muscle groups, accuracy, precision

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11
Q

What is the difficulty continuum ?

A

Consists of simple and complex skills

Simple: little cognitive processing is needed, few decision need to be made

Complex: high cognitive processing is needed, lots of decisions need to be made

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12
Q

What’s the organisation continuum ?

A

Consist of high and low organisation skills

High: skill is difficult to divide into sub routines due to them being closely linked

Low: skills can be broken down into sub routines

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13
Q

What is the continuity continuum ?

A

Consists of discrete, serial and continuous skill

Discrete: there clear beginning and end of skill

Serial: sequence of discrete skills in specific order

Continuous skill: no clear beginning or end and are repeated cyclically

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14
Q

What are the three stages of learning ?

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

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15
Q

What’re the characteristics of cognitive stage of learning ?

A
  • beginner stage
  • frequent errors due to being new to skill
  • movements are slow, inconsistent and uncoordinated
  • learners rely on extrinsic feedback
  • demonstration and verbal instructions need giving for them to understand skill
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16
Q

What’re the characteristics of associative stage of learning ?

A
  • intermediate stage where errors or fewer and skill starts to become more consistent
  • some level of self correction and intrinsic feedback is used (enhanced kinaesthetic awareness)
  • movements start to become smoother and coordinated
  • practice and repetition are crucial
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of autonomous stage of learning ?

A
  • advanced stage
  • little conscious effort is needed to perform skill
  • athlete has spare attention
  • high levels of consistency and precision
  • high kinaesthetic awareness
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18
Q

What is kinaesthetic feedback ?

A

Type of intrinsic feedback that comes from sensory receptors (proprioreceptors).

Provides info abt body position, movement, force and muscle tension without relying on external sources

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19
Q

What’re the 4 types of learning curves ?

A

Linear learning curve
Positively accelerated learning curve
Negatively accelerated learning curve
S shaped learning curve

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20
Q

What is a linear learning curve ?

A

Rate of improvement directly proportional to number of training sessions : constant improvement

Occurs when skill is simple or when athletes motivation is high

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21
Q

What is a positively accelerated learning curve ?

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A

Shows slow progress st first followed by rapid improvement

Occurs when skill is complex and difficult at first but once understood progress speeds up

22
Q

What is a negatively accelerated learning curve ?

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A

Shows rapid progress early on the plateaus as learning slows down

Occurs when learning skill that is easy to grasp initially but becomes harder to perfect

24
Q

What’s an s shaped landing curve ?

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A

Combination of slow initial learning, followed by rapid improvement, than a plateau

Occurs when performer struggles at first then makes a breakthrough before levelling off

25
What can cause a plateaus in performance?
Lack of motivation - prevented by setting goals Anxiety - use relaxation techniques Fatigue of the performer - incorporate a deload week or recovery periods Practice has become repetitive and boring Feedback by coach to performer is not detailed enough
26
What is observational learning ?
We learn from the environment and ppl around us
27
What does Bandura suggest ?
We can learn skills by observing significant others demonstrating them Social learning theory
28
What does the social learning theory consist of ?
Demonstration: coach of elite athlete performs the skill in an accurate, clear way Attention: performers sees the demonstration and focus on specific teaching points / cues Retention: performer retains the info they’ve watched into their memory Motor reproduction: performer practices the skill physically Motivation Matching performance: performer able to successfully do skill in comp situation
29
What is transfer of learning ?
Refer to the effect of learning one skill/task on learning another
30
What’re the 6 types of transfers of learning ?
Positive Negative Pro active Retro active Zero Bilateral
31
What is positive transfer of learning ?
Occur when two skills are similar in some way Learning and mastering one skill will help learn the second skill easier Coach can aid this positive transfer by highlight similarities between the two skills and that the basics of the first skill are well learnt E.g tennis player using their knowledge of serve to help them learn over arm serve in volley ball
32
What is negative transfer of learning ?
Learning one skill makes learning the second skill more difficult Happens when a stimulus common to both skills requires different responses Can be avoided by making sure athlete is aware of the differences between skills and ensure larger, generalised motor programme E.g squash player takes up tennis may find it difficult to learn to not use their knowledge wrist during shots
33
What’s zero transfer of learning ?
Where there’re no transferable elements between lervouosky learned skill and the new one E.g skills used in bowling in cricket have no affect on long range pass in football
34
What’s bilateral transfer of learning ?
Where learning of one skill is transferred from one limb to the other E.g footballer learning to pass with left foot when they’ve previously learned this skill with their right
35
What’s pro active transfer of learning ?
Previously learned skill influences in the way that new skill is learned It’s were habits from previous skill are transferred to new skill (can be positive, negative or no effect)
36
What’s retro active transfer of learning ?
When learning a new skill influences a previously learned skill It’s were adaptations to new skill feel kinaesthetically pleasing to performer and will therefore transfer this way of performing to previous skill
37
How can a coach ensure successful transfer of learning ?
- make performer aware of the similarities and differences between skills - give clear and concise demonstrations - use reinforcement - make practice realistic to comp situations - make sure previous skill is mastered
38
What’re methods of guidance ?
Refers to any info we give to learners to help them develop their skills
39
What affects the type of guidance used ?
1. Stage of learning of individual 2. Nature of activity 3. Individuals style of learning 4. Individuals personality and ability 5. Learners ability, motivation and age 6. Learning environment
40
What’re the 4 types of guidance ?
Visual Verbal Mechanical Manuel
41
What is verbal guidance ?
- Used by coaches to explain the task and describe actions - Typically used in autonomous and associative but when combined with visual guidance can be used for cognitive learners
42
What’re the ads and disads of verbal guidance ?
ADS: - quick and easy to deliver - can give in-depth detail - can use during comp - focus performers attention on key points DISADS: - too much can overload performer - difficult to explain complex movements - rely on good communication skills
43
What’s visual guidance ?
- Instructions/info were learner can see - Demonstrations, videos - Typically used in cognitive stage
44
What’re the ads and disads of visual guidance ?
ADS: - help learner understand movement patterns - provide mental image of skill DISADS: - demonstrations must be clear - some skills are to fast or complex to be shown effectively
45
What’s manual guidance ?
Physical support from coach to aid performer do skill Used for cognitive learners
46
What are the ads and disads of manual guidance ?
ADS: - allow athlete to feel correct movement - builds confidence in dangerous or complex skills DISADS: - over reliance on coach - performer may feel uncomfortable being physically guided
47
What’s mechanical guidance ?
Use of equipment or aids to support skill development Used in cognitive stage of learning
48
What’re the ads and disads of mechanical guidance ?
ADS: - help do movements that don’t feel comfortable doing yet - builds confidence - reduce risk of injury DISADS: - lead to over reliance on equipment - not always replicate real sporting conditions - may stuggle to perform skill when aid is removed
49
What are the factors to consider when creating practice conditions ?
- Stage of learning - Personality and motivation of performer - Classification of skill - Facilities, equipment and time available - size and structure of group
50
What’s mental practice ?
- Use of visualisation and imagery - No physical movement involved - Improves performance - Can’t replicate physical practice
51
Wha are the benefits of mental practice ?
- Allow to make correct decisions - Cause muscular neurons to fire as though muscle is active - increases confidence due to performer concentrated on successful and correct performance

PE (13 decks)

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