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HUBS192 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the integumentary system

A

Skin + accessory structures

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2
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system

A

Protection, excretion, temperature regulation, melanin and keratin production, vitamin D3 synthesis, lipid storage, detection

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3
Q

What are the cutaneous layers of the skin

A

Epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer of the skin

A

Hypodermis

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5
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

Stratified barrier, mostly keratinocytes, no blood circulation

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6
Q

Describe the dermis

A

Protein fibres for strength, vascular (nourishes epidermis)

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7
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue

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8
Q

What is simple epithelia

A

A single layer of epithelial cells

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9
Q

What is stratified epithelia

A

Stacked layers of epithelial cells

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10
Q

What are the three types of epithelial cells

A

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar

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11
Q

What type of epithelia makes up the epidermis

A

Stratified squamous

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12
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

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13
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

Dead, dried out hard cells without nuclei or organelles. Abundance of keratin in this layer

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14
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Contains granules that promote dehydration of the cell, crosslinking of keratin fibre. Waxy material secreted into intercellular spaces.

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15
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A

Spinous, prickly cell layer. Intercellular bridges called desmosomes link cells together. Cells increasingly flattened as you move up. Contains dendritic cells

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16
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains immune cells

A

Stratum spinosum

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17
Q

Describe the stratum lucidum

A

Thin, translucent layer made of keratinocytes becoming more flattened, present only in thick skin

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18
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

Columnar, regenerative cells. As basal cells divide, daughter cell migrates up to replenish layer above

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19
Q

Where are desmosomes present in skin

A

Anchor adjacent cells in epidermis

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20
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes present in skin

A

Anchors stratum basale to dermis

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21
Q

How do the epidermis and dermis fit together

A

Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

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22
Q

What is a dermal papilla

A

Projection from the dermis adjacent to the epidermal ridges. Increase SA and bind epidermis and dermis closely

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23
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer, reticular layer

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24
Q

What is the papillary layer

A

Layer of the dermis, highly vascularised for nourishment

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25
What is the reticular layer
Mesh like structure of collagen and elastin fibres for strength
26
What is a plexus
A network of blood vessels or nerves
27
What is the cutaneous plexus
Network of blood vessels present the junction of dermis/hypodermis. Supplies the hypodermis, deeper dermis, including capillaries for hair follicles and sweat glands
28
What is the subpapillary plexus
Branches from the cutaneous plexus, lies deep to papillary layer of dermis. Network of blood vessels providing oxygen and nutrients to the upper dermis and epidermis
29
What is the hypodermis
Not considered part of skin, dominated by adipocytes that produce subcutaneous fat which stores energy and provides insulation
30
What are the features of a first degree burn
Superficial, erythema (red/pink, dry, painful), usually no blisters, remains a water and bacterial barrier. Heals in 3-10 days
31
What are the features of a second degree burn
Epidermis + dermis, painful, moist, red, blistered. Heal is 1-2 weeks. Deeper may include whiteish, waxy looking areas, accessory structures may remain, may have some loss of sensation and scarring, usually heal in one month
32
What are the features of a third degree burn
Full thickness: extend into subcutaneous tissue, may involve muscle and bone. Can vary from waxy white to deep red or black. Hard, dry, leathery skin. No pain as sensory nerve endings are destroyed, may require skin grafting. Weeks to regenerate + scarring
33
What is hair made of
Dead, keratinised cells produced inside a hair follicle
34
What is the arrector pili muscle
Muscle which contracts to form goosebumps
35
What is the root hair plexus
Collection of sensory nerves at the base of each hair follicle for heightened sensation
36
What are sebaceous glands
Glands next to hair shafts which produce an oily secretion called sebum
37
What is the purpose of sebum
Nourishes hair shaft, moisturises skin, water repellent
38
What is an eccrine sweat gland
Found in most areas, pour watery secretions directly onto skin surface. Important in thermoregulation and excretion, some antibacterial action
39
What is an apocrine sweat gland
Found in specific areas (e.g armpit, groin), secrete sticky/oily and potentially odorous secretions. Influenced by hormones
40
What are the three types of receptors
Tactile, lamellar, bulbous
41
What are the functions of nails
Protection, sensation enhancement
42
How is skin affected by aging
Thins, sags/wrinkles due to reduced collagen, slower repair, drier, impaired cooling, less pigmentation
43
How does smoking affect skin aging
Damages collagen and elastin, linked with poor wound healing, acne, skin and oral cancers
44
Where are melanocytes located
Stratum basale (not shed). Density varies throughout body and time
45
What does the melanin pigment do
Absorbs UV light, protecting cells from damage
46
What do melanocytes do
Produce melanin pigment, transfer to epidermal cells by melanosomes (found throughout epidermis)
47
What is a mole
Cluster of melanocytes. Over proliferation can be caused by sun exposure
48
What is a freckle
Melanocytes overproducing melanosomes. Over production triggered by sun exposure
49
What is vitamin D essential for (UV exposure required for synthesis)
Calcium metabolism and strong bones
50
What happens when pigmentation does not match UV exposure
Highly pigmented people more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency, lowly pigmented people more susceptible to skin cancer
51
What is basal cell carcinoma
Relatively benign tumour, metastasis rare, originates in stratum basale
52
What is a malignant melanoma
Tumour originating in melanocytes, highly metastatic
53
The thickness of a melanoma highly correlates with
Mortality rate
54
What is a tattoo
Ink deposited onto dermal layer, captured inside immune cells/scar tissue
55
What tissue types is skin composed of
Epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective
56
What are free nerve endings
Small swellings at distal ends of axons (usually unmyelinated and small diameter), most common skin receptor (some cation channels, some chemically activated)
57
What do free nerve endings mostly respond to
Various painful, thermal and chemical stimuli, some movement and pressure, some itch, some wrap around hair follicles acting as light touch recepotrs which detect bending of hairs
58
What are tactile (merkel) discs
Free nerve endings located in deepest layer of epidermis
59
What do tactile (merkel) discs respond to
Touch and light pressure, texture, shape, edges, low frequency vibration (good at 2 point discrimination)
60
What are tactile (meissner) corpuscles
Receptors located in papillary layer of dermis, especially hairless skin. Encapsulated: spiralling/branching unmyelinated sensory terminals surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a thin oval fibrous connective tissue capsule. Deformation of capsule triggers AP
61
What do tactile (meissner) corpuscles respond to
Delicate (fine) or discriminative touch, light pressure, low frequency vibration (10-50 Hz)
62
What are lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
Single sensory axon terminal lying within concentric layers of collagen fibres and specialised fibroblasts. Layers separated by gelatinous interstitial fluid. Fast adapting
63
What do lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles respond to
Deep pressure, vibration (250 Hz)
64
What are bulbous (ruffini) corpuscles
Nerve endings intertwined with core of collagen fibres continuous with those of surrounding dermis. Located in deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue
65
What do bulbous (ruffini) corpuscles respond to
Sustained deep pressure and stretching/distortion of the skin, slippage in fingers, proprioception (found in joints)
66
How is blood flow to the skin modulated
Smooth muscle in walls of vessels and precapillary spinchters innervated by sympathetic nerves (reduced SNS activation of α1 adrenergic receptors causes dilation of arteries, increased bloodflow)
67
What are α1 receptors
Activation of which causes vasoconstriction
68
What are the body's primary mechanisms of heat transfer
Radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction
69
What is sympathetic cholinergic release of Ach onto GPCRS (G protein coupled receptors) enabled by
Eccrine glands innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
70
Where is the control centre for temperature regulation
Preoptic area of hypothalamus
71
How does the heat gain response work
Increased generation of body heat (non shivering and shivering thermogenesis), conservation of body heat (vasomotor centre decreases blood flow (shunting)), countercurrent exchange (warm blood leaving heart provides heat to cold blood returning to heart)
72
What is non shivering thermogenesis
Increased sympathetic nerve activity and circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline, increased cellular metabolism, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (heat produced instead of ATP)
73
What is the effect of increased thyroxine (to increase body temperature)
Increases BMR
74
How do arector pili muscles aid in heat trapping
Traps insulating layer of air around body
75
What does the arrector pili muscle attach to
Hair follicle to upper dermis
76
What are potential complications of severe burns
Dehydration and hypovolemic shock, infection/sepsis, hypothermia

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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