Small and Large intestines

Question 1

the first part of the small intestines and the part that is retro-peritoneal

Answer 1

duodenum

Question 2

the second part of the small intestines is the

Answer 2

jejunum

Question 3

the third and final part of the small intestines is the

Answer 3

ileum

Question 4

the longest part of the small intestines

Answer 4

ileum

Question 5

the macroscopic folds of the small intestines are termed

Answer 5

plica circularis

Question 6

what type of cells line the mucosal layer of the small intestines

Answer 6

simple columnar

Question 7

the microscopic folds in the small intestines are made up of “finger like” structures termed

Answer 7

villi

Question 8

the bottom regions of the villi are termed

Answer 8

the crypts of liberkuhn

Question 9

the lamina propria connective tissue layer on the mucosa contains capillaries and the unique lymphatic vessels termed a

Answer 9

lacteal

Question 10

what is a lacteal lymph vessel used for?

Answer 10

absorption of lipids (triglycerides)

Question 11

the enteroendocine cells in the mucosa of the small intestines synthesize the hormones :

Answer 11

secretin and cholecytokinin

Question 12

the cells in the mucosa of the small intestines that secrete lysozyme are called

Answer 12

paneth cells

Question 13

the lymphoid aggregates that are large and located in the ileum are called

Answer 13

Peyer’s patches

Question 14

the submucosa of the small intestine contained what type of gland; and what do they secrete

Answer 14

Brunner’s glands, alkaline fluid

Question 15

the muscularis layer of the small intestines contains what type of muscle groups?

Answer 15

inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle groups

Question 16

what is contained on the apical surface of the simple columnar cells (also called the brush border) in the small intestines

Answer 16

microvilli

Question 17

microvilli in the small intestines secrete what enzymes for chemical digestion of carbs? (4)

Answer 17

alpha dextrinase, sucrase, lactase, maltase

Question 18

microvilli in the small intestines secrete what enzyme for chemical digestion of proteins?

Answer 18

peptidases

Question 19

microvilli in the small intestines secrete what enzymes for chemical digestion of nucleic acids? (2)

Answer 19

nucleosidases, phosphatases

Question 20

what is the peristalsis called that starts as a slow wave that moves food from the stomach through the small intestines

Answer 20

migrating motility complexes

Question 21

how long does it take for food to get from the stomach to the end of the ileum?

Answer 21

two hours

Question 22

carb digestion begin in the … (where, with what enzyme?)

Answer 22

mouth with salivary amylases

Question 23

what happens to the salivary amylases when they reach the stomach?

Answer 23

they are innactivated

Question 24

what enzyme digest carbs in the small intestines (and where is it produced?)

Answer 24

pancreatic amylases, produced by pancreas

Question 25

the final step in digestion involves the brush boarder enzymes, in which carbs are broken down into the monosaccharide:

Answer 25

glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 26

how are monosaccharides absorbed?

Answer 26

across the epithelial cell into the capilaries

Question 27

the two major transport mechanisms for carb absorption

Answer 27

facilitiated diffusion ad secondary active transport (d/t concentration gradient created by Na-K ATPase pump)

Question 28

where does protein digestion begin? And with what enzyme

Answer 28

in the stomach, pepsin

Question 29

what enzymes digest proteins in the small intestines?

Answer 29

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase and elastase (made by pancreas)

Question 30

what's the final step in protein digestion?

Answer 30

brush border enzymes break the proteins into amino acids, and they are are absorbed across the epithelial cell and enter the capillaries

Question 31

transport mechanisms for absorption of amino acids are:

Answer 31

secondary active transport (symport with Na and H)

Question 32

where does most of the lipid digestion happen?

Answer 32

small intestines

Question 33

what do most fats require to break down?

Answer 33

``` bile salts (some lingual and gastric lipase can break down short chain fats) ```

Question 34

where are bile salts produced and what do they do

Answer 34

liver, they emulsify triglycerides prior to enzyme degradation by lipases

Question 35

where are lipases made

Answer 35

pancreas

Question 36

describe the process of emulsification

Answer 36

breaking down large lipid droplets into smaller droplets that the pancreatic lipases can act on

Question 37

after triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acidsa what do they form with bile? (and where)

Answer 37

micelles in the lumen of the small intestine

Question 38

micelles can dissociate back into fatty acids and glycerol and enter simple columnar cells where _____ are reformed

Answer 38

triglycerides

Question 39

triglycerides are packaged as ______ which exits the epithelial cell and enters the ____.

Answer 39

chylomicron, lacteal

Question 40

Trace the pathway of the triglyceride from the small intestine until it reaches the bloodstream:

Answer 40

lacteal to larger lymphatic channels..... intestinal trunk.... thoracic duct...... left subclavian vein.

Question 41

At tissue level the triglyceride is broken down for the final time by the enzyme :

Answer 41

lipoprotein lipase

Question 42

The two most common storage sites for triglycerides is in :

Answer 42

adipose tissue and in the liver

Question 43

Bile salts used in the breakdown of lipids can be reabsorbed in the

Answer 43

ileum and then return to the liver

Question 44

the majority of water absorption occurs in the....

Answer 44

small intestines

Question 45

the first part of the large intestines

Answer 45

cecum

Question 46

the valve that separates the small from the large intestines is the

Answer 46

ileocecal valve

Question 47

the structure that hangs from the large intestine, close to the ileocecal valve is

Answer 47

the veriform apendix

Question 48

retroperitoneal sections of large intestines

Answer 48

ascending and descending colon

Question 49

what is the flexure on the right side of the upper abdomen, on the left?

Answer 49

``` right colic (or hepatic) flexure left colic (or splenic) flexure ```

Question 50

what three structures come after the descending colon?

Answer 50

sigmoid colon, ectum, anus

Question 51

the internal anal spincter is made of what type of tissue?

Answer 51

smooth muscle

Question 52

what type of tissue is the external anal spincter?

Answer 52

skeletal muscle

Question 53

what type of cells are in the mucosal layer of the large intestines

Answer 53

simple columnar and goblet cells

Question 54

T/F a significant amount of nutrients continue to be absorbed in the large intestines

Answer 54

False

Question 55

The modification of the muscularis layer in the colon results in three longitudinal muscle bands termed the

Answer 55

tenia coli

Question 56

longitudinal bands of the colon result in pouches called

Answer 56

haustras

Question 57

the fat attached to the muscle layer of the colon

Answer 57

epiploic appendages

Question 58

the hormone gastrin results in ileocecal valve......

Answer 58

relaxation

Question 59

the large intestine has a large number of bacteria that ferment carbs, what are the byproducts?

Answer 59

H, CO2, methane gas

Question 60

. Bacteria can convert any remaining proteins to amino acids, convert bilirubin to

Answer 60

stercolbilin

Question 61

normal feces contain:

Answer 61

water, inorganic salts, sloughed epithelial cells, products of bacterial decomposition, unabsorbed digested material and indigestable substances

Question 62

defication is d/t the action of what system?

Answer 62

parasympathetic NS from spinal cord levels of S2,3,4

Question 63

. The superior mesenteric artery comes off the aorta, travels deep to the _________and enters the mesentery.

Answer 63

pancreas

Question 64

the superior mesenteric artery supplies: (5)

Answer 64

all of the small intestines, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and the first half of the transverse colon

Question 65

the named branches of the superior mesenteric artery (5)

Answer 65

inferior pancreodoudenal, intestinal arteries, ileocolic, right colic and middle colic arteries

Question 66

the inferior mesenteric artery comes off the lower abdominal aorta, what are it's three main branches

Answer 66

left colic, sigmoidal and superior rectal

Question 67

the inferior mesenteric artery supplies

Answer 67

the last half of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum

Question 68

the venous drainage for the GI tract ultimately enters the:

Answer 68

inferior vena cava, which then enters the liver