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SOC212 > SOC212 - 10. LGBTQ > Flashcards

SOC212 - 10. LGBTQ Flashcards

1
Q

Some Basics

A

LGBTQ
LGBTTIQQ2SA
Queer

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2
Q

Some Basics

A

Sex - assigned by birth
5 Diff sexes - intersex, male, female
Doctors decide sex by genitalia

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3
Q

Some Basics

A

Gender Identity - how you see yourself
Biology + socialization
How you interpret what that means

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4
Q

Some Basics

A

Gender Expression: how you demonstrate gender in relation to gender norms
Act, talk, dress, behave, interact
Spectrum - feminine to masculine
Roles vary by region, time, culture, ethnicity

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5
Q

Some Basics

A

Sexual Orientation / Identity
Physically, emotionally, spiritually attracted to - straight, gay, bi
Master status - contours everything else

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6
Q

Some Basics

A

Sexual identity and behaviour do not always line up - experimentation
Sexual Behaviour
MSM: Men have sex with men

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7
Q

History of Homosexuality

A

The term homosexuality:
Became popular in 1869 when Benkert defined it as a failure to achieve “normal erection” during contact with a member of opposite sex

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8
Q

History of Homosexuality

A

Homo + hetero had negative connotations because it meant sex outside of marriage
Homosexuality vs Homosexual Behaviour

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9
Q

History of Homosexuality

A

Destigmatize homosexuals
Relatively new
Now seen as part of who you are

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10
Q

History of Homosexuality

A

John D’Emilio: capitalism enabled homosexual identity
• Capitalism & Gay Identity
• Need for free labour - allowed ppl to come out

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11
Q

History of Homosexuality

A

• WW2, homosocial spaces
• Homosocial spaces: genders were isolated - men with men, women with women
• After war - could financially support own
Before capitalism - was there, but less shown

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12
Q

History of Homosexuality

A

• Existed throughout history

Ppl who self identify

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13
Q

The Development of the Notion of Homosexuality

A

Sociologists identify a LGBTQ people as those who self-identify with the category and acknowledge the label
• Problems with the term homosexual:
• History of medicalization + Stigma

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14
Q

The Development of the Notion of Homosexuality

A

Tend to use gay, lesbian

Laws say same sex

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15
Q

Views of Homosexual Behaviour

A

Historically and culturally, attitudes towards homosexual behavior have varied.
• Ancient Greece & Rome
• Some not acceptable, some are

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16
Q

Views of Homosexual Behaviour

A

• In ancient greece, it’s normal to have same sex partners

More about full citizen - can have sex with ppl who were not citizen

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17
Q

Views of Homosexual Behaviour

A

• Deep emotional connections with same sex
We invented homosexual and heterosexual
Legal term called imbrotherment (same-sex marriage)

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18
Q

Views of Homosexual Behaviour

A

Etoro, Papua New Guinea: ritualized homosexuality

Notion that boys go through getting life-force by ingesting semen from other men

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19
Q

Sexual Norms & Homophobia

A

• Society labels homosexuality as deviant by initiating + reinforcing sexual norms.
• Critics of homosexual behaviour (and LGBTIQ people) mainly focus on religion

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20
Q

Sexual Norms & Homophobia

A

• Such behavior deviates from “normal” family situations by distorting general sex roles in society.

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21
Q

Sexual Norms & Homophobia

A

• Behaviour not inherently deviant, it’s labels that make it deviant
• Critics mainly focuses on religion
Goes against sex roles

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22
Q

Homophobia & Stigma

A

• Individuals who are LGBTIQ frequently become targets for social stigma and rejection by members of society.

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23
Q

Homophobia & Stigma

A

• Homophobia refers to a fear and dislike of lesbians and gay men and includes avoidance of anything associated with homosexuality.

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24
Q

Homophobia & Stigma

A

• Can be systemic and supported by law
• Social institutions - same-sex marriage
Tax laws

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25
Q

Origins of Homophobia

A

• Some link the origins of homophobia to religious doctrine linked to homosexuality and to theories of psychological maladjustment.

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26
Q

Origins of Homophobia

A
  • association between strong Christian beliefs and intolerance of homosexuality.
  • Others argue the rejection of homosexuality strengthened the Christian community at a time of struggle within that group (Greenberg,1988).
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27
Q

Origins of Homophobia

A

• Religious scriptures may condemn somesexual behaviors but not all (Geis, 2009).
• Strengthen bond and unify religious groups
Moral panic

28
Q

Social Dimensions of Homophobia

A
  • Studies on homophobia have examined religious background, strength of religious identification, and political conservatism.
  • Studied guys that beat up homosexuals - they were turned on watching gay porn
  • Internalized homophobia
29
Q

Social Dimensions of Homophobia

A
  • Homosociality: Social preference but not erotic attraction to own gender
  • Few LGBTIQ view themselves as deviants yet stigmatization from members of society result in negative effects for LGBTIQ folk such as:
30
Q

Social Dimensions of Homophobia

A
  • Feeling guilty for their behaviors.
  • Fear of negative sanctions from family members, friends, and employers.
  • Feelings of rejection and isolation.
31
Q

Law and Public Attitudes

A

• Canada - Capital punishment

• Laws forbidding homosexual behavior began with sex codes of the Jewish faith.

32
Q

Law and Public Attitudes

A
  • Formalized by Christian laws that governed Europe.

* These provisions became part of English common law.

33
Q

Law and Public Attitudes

A
  • Homosexual behaviors were punishable by death. In the mid-19th century, reforms reduced the maximum penalty to life imprisonment.
  • Then reduced to life in prison
  • Seen as sex offenders
34
Q

Law and Public Attitudes

A
  • Decriminalized in 1969 (1967)
  • Same sex between consenting adults decriminalized
  • Still laws around things that gay men do - anal sex, fellatio, sodomy - until 2003 in Texas
35
Q

Demographics

A

Prevalence of Homosexuality
• Different research studies have found 1% - 10% of
the population self-identify as LGBT

36
Q

Demographics

A

• Legacy of medicalization
• May not be inclined to disclose sexual orientation
25-45% and 20% have reached an orgasm from same-sex

37
Q

Demographics

A

• Cities - more likely to self-identify
New York - 6% + Chicago - 15%
Age - younger ppl 6x more likely to identify than seniors
• Cultural, racial, ethnic groups - diff norms and values around sexuality

38
Q

Demographics

A

• Kinsey Scale
○ Ppl are on spectrum of exclusively hetero to homo
○ 37% had homo contact, only 4% stayed homo

39
Q

Demographics

A

• Animal Kingdom: gay penguins, lions, monkeys, dolphins, bed bugs

40
Q

Becoming LGBTQ

A

Biological Perspective: Psychology, biology

• Studies on physical brain anatomy

41
Q

Becoming LGBTQ

A
  • Studies on DNA
  • XQ28 - mother’s side - families with two gay brothers
    • 67% of gay brothers had this chromosome
42
Q

Becoming LGBTQ

A
  • Each additional older brother increases chance of being gay
  • With each miscarriage - increases chance of having male homo
43
Q

Becoming LGBTQ

A

• Studies conducted on the biological perspective have had preliminarily and limited findings.

44
Q

Sex-Role Socialization

A

• Sexuality is a social constructed phenomenon which is learned through interactions with others.
• Masculinity & femininity

45
Q

Sex-Role Socialization

A

• Socialization takes place within context of sex roles. Sex roles (sometimes called gender roles) are collections of norms that define socially accepted male and female behavior.

46
Q

Developing a LGBTQ Identity

A

acquisition of a gay identity is a subtle and private process that occurs at different times for different individuals.

47
Q

Developing a LGBTQ Identity

A
  • Primary deviance – homosexual behaviour
  • Secondary deviance - gay identity
  • Coming Out
48
Q

Developing a LGBTQ Identity

A
  • Not one answer to homosexuality

* Relationship to sexual identity both psychological and sociological

49
Q

LGBTQ Subculture

A

LGBTQ subcultures represent collections of norms and values. Such a subculture creates conditions that permit, value and celebrate ‘homosexuality’.

50
Q

LGBTQ Subculture

A
  • Reaction to dominant society

* Tertiary deviance - Values + celebrates Queer culture

51
Q

LGBTQ Subculture

A

• Members come to learn these norms as part of the coming out process, and exposure continues in social situations that involve other LGBTQ persons.

52
Q

LGBTQ Community

A

development of the LGBTQ community was a reaction to dominant society’s intolerance, prejudice and rejection.

53
Q

LGBTQ Community

A

Also grew from a desire to weaken stigma imposed by dominant culture (tertiary deviance).
•Made possible by Women’s movement

54
Q

LGBTQ Community

A
  • Grew out of HIV epidemic

* Expression of rage and reaction to epidemic

55
Q

LGBTQ Community

A

•Corporate element - often don’t have kids and have extra money
Characters in tv and movie are more nuanced for queer

56
Q

Transgender

A

transgender refers to people whose gender identity or gender expression do not match their biological sex.

57
Q

Transgender

A

Being a trans person has little to do with sexuality. Many trans people are heterosexual.
Used to be more about medical aspects

58
Q

Transgender

A

More about ppl’s experience, effect on family
•Umbrella term
• transexual

59
Q

Heteronormativity & Syndemics

A

Heteronormativity
Asserts that it’s only norm
Can see it in how society structured, institutions, behaviour, politics, economy, language we use

60
Q

Heteronormativity & Syndemics

A

Internalized Homophobia
Stigma
Social stigma can manifest in ppl’s lives

61
Q

Heteronormativity & Syndemics

A

• Syndemics: multiple health problems, epidemics reinforcement
○ Depression, homelessness, HIV, body dysmorphia
○ Disproportionately high risk of getting these

62
Q

The HIV/AIDS Epidemic

A

37 million people living with HIV (PHAs) globally (UN, WHO 2014).
• 39 million people have died.

63
Q

The HIV/AIDS Epidemic

A
  • In 2014, 2 million people became infected and 1.2 million dies of AIDS related complications
  • Important role in development of LGBT community
64
Q

The HIV/AIDS Epidemic

A

• Association with gay men, but not accurate

It’s not as detrimental as it was - can be lived with through medication and healthy lifestyle

65
Q

HIV Infection Rates, 2014

A
  • Been going up since 2000s
    • Not a death sentence
    • Manageable illness
66
Q

HIV Infection Rates, 2014

A
  • In Canada: aboriginals 15%, yet 4% of pop
    • Blacks account for 17%, but 6% of pop
    • Young women and seniors - increasing rates
    • MSM - going down

SOC212 (13 decks)

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