Social Psych Unit test

Question 1

a. Philip Zimbardo
b. Stanley Milgram

Answer 1

a. Most famous for his Stanford prison experiment
b. Best known for his experiments investigating obedience, involving the seeming administration of electric shocks

Question 2

a. Solomon Asch
b. Leon Festinger

Answer 2

a. known for his conformity experiments
b. introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance

Question 3

Normative Influence “Social Norm”

Answer 3

Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant

Question 4

a. Deindividuation
b. Social Facilitation

Answer 4

a. the loss of self-identity within a group, often accompanied by uncharacteristic behavior
b. A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks

Question 5

a. Social Inhibition
b. Social Loafing
c. Group Polarization

Answer 5

a. performance is poorer when watched by others
b. Tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group
c. The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussions

Question 6

a. Groupthink
b. Social Trap

Answer 6

a. A group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence
b. a situation in which individuals within a group act in their own short-term self-interest to the overall long-term detriment of the group

Question 7

Ethnocentrism

Answer 7

judging other cultures on the basis of the values of your own culture

Question 8

a. Superordinate Goals
b. Robbers Cave Experiment

Answer 8

a. shared objectives that require cooperation between groups to accomplish
b. an experiment conducted by Muzafer Sherif in which two groups of boys at a summer camp overcome prejudices against each other by focusing on superordinate goals

Question 9

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 9

tendency for members of a crow to assume less responsibility for taking action, due to the assumption that others will do something

Question 10

a. Instrumental Aggression
b. Hostile Aggression

Answer 10

a. behaviors that carried out to attain a certain goal
b. behaviors that aim to inflict pain or harm

Question 11

a. Social Exchange Theory
b. Reciprocity

Answer 11

a. Argues that altruism only exists when the benefits outweigh the costs—i.e., when your behavior helps you even more than it helps the other person
b. Social expectation in which we feel pressured to help others if they have already done something for us

Question 12

a. Social Responsibility Norm
b. Familiarity “Mere Exposure Effect”

Answer 12

a. Societal rule that tells people they should help others who need help even if they may not repay us
b. Liking someone occurs because of repeatedly seeing that person or thing

Question 13

Attitudes

Answer 13

beliefs and feelings that predispose people to respond in particular ways to situations and other people

Question 14

a. Self-Serving Bias
b. Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 14

a. Tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen and to give ourselves credit when good things happen
b. Tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes

Question 15

a. False Consensus Effect
b. Just-World Phenomenon

Answer 15

a. Tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with us
b. Tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve

Question 16

a. Central Route of Persuasion
b. Peripheral Route of Persuasion

Answer 16

a. The process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments
b. The process by which a person does not think carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues

Question 17

a. Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon
b. Door-In-The-Face Technique

Answer 17

a. Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
b. Asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment and getting agreement

Question 18

a. Mere-Exposure Effect
b. Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 18

a. the tendency to like new stimuli more when you encounter them more frequently
b. (Leon Festinger 1957): Sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s attitudes

Question 19

a. Attribution Theory
b. Dispositional Attribution

Answer 19

a. a theory that describes how people explain their own and others’ behavior
b. a type of attribution in which you assign responsibility for an event or action to the person involved

Question 20

a. Situational Attribution
b. Stable Attribution

Answer 20

a. type of attribution in which you assign responsibility for an event or action to the circumstances of the situation
b. an attribution in which you believe a cause to be consistent and relatively constant over time

Question 21

a. Unstable Attribution
b. Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 21

a. an attribution that credits a one-time source as the cause of an event
b. Our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of dispotional (personal) factors when assessing why other people acted the way they did