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sociology final Flashcards

1
Q

The study of human society and social behavior is

A

Sociology

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2
Q

In Sociology, to understand one’s self, we must also understand the relationship between the self and

A

society

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3
Q

Read the C. Wright Mills quote and use context clues to answer the question.
“The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relationship between the two within society”
In the context of this quote, what does Mills mean by “biography”?

A

An account of someone’s personal experiences

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4
Q

What are the three major sociological assumptions?

A

People change society

Society has the power to change people
Humans are social in nature

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5
Q

Which of these is a public issue, rather than a personal one, from the Sociological Perspective?

A

One out of every ten people in a state is unemployed, Bob is one of them.

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6
Q

The Sociological Imagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography. What does this mean?

A

Problems are rarely isolated- they should be viewed through a larger lens in connection with the past and society (community organized around rules and structures)

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7
Q

Consider this statement: “A person is making a conscious choice of what they put into their body, and in control of what they eat.”
Does this view obesity as a personal trouble or a public issue?

A

Personal Trouble

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8
Q

Consider this statement: “Sixty-nine percent of American adults are overweight or obese.”
Does this view obesity as a personal trouble or public issue?

A

Public Issue

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9
Q

The sociological perspective allows sociologists to focus on the common behaviors of a group of people, rather than their individual differences.

A

True

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10
Q

This founder of Sociology is credited with bringing the idea that the sociologist was a “new priesthood” that would use science to improve society.

A

Auguste Comte

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11
Q

What is a sociological paradigm?

A

a set of concepts or theories used to understand society

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12
Q

Society is seen by structural functionalists as a complex system whose parts work together to promote to things. What are they?

A

stability and social order

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13
Q

Which sociological perspective or theory is micro sociological in orientation?

A

Symbolic Interactionist

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14
Q

In sociology, what does “conflict” mean?

A

when opposing groups disagree

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15
Q

A term used in Marxist theory to describe those who own the means of production

A

Bourgeoisie

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16
Q

Who introduced the Symbolic Interactionist theory to American sociology?

A

George Herbert Mead

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17
Q

All three of the major sociological perspectives discussed in the text this week are legitimate points from which to view the world, even though each one produces a different perspective.

A

True

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to the contemporary structural-functional perspective.

A

The function of society is only dependent upon some parts

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19
Q

Which step in a sociological research approach would the choice be made to use a survey or questionnaire to gather in formation from people?

A

Choosing a data collection method

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20
Q

According to the textbook, what are the following three statements?
1. Protection from harm
2. Avoiding deception
3. Privacy protection

A

Ethical principles for social research

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21
Q

Every culture all of the following except one, which one is not present in every culture?
1. A reservoir of knowledge that specifies what is good and bad.
2. A verbal and non-verbal communication system
3. A determination of what is sacred and taboo
4. An educational standard for all members

A

An educational standard for all members

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22
Q

Cultural universals are traits or practices that exist across all cultures. Which of the following would be considered cultural universals?

A

All of the above are cultural universals

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23
Q

A society’s way of life, consisting of beliefs, values, norms, and symbols is

A

culture

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24
Q

Cultural patterns that are a separate part of a segment of society’s population is known as a

A

subgroup

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25
Q

Judging another culture based on beliefs and values of one’s own culture is known as

A

Ethnocentrism

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26
Q

A subgroup that pushes back on the mainstream culture in an attempt to change how society functions is known as a

A

countercultural group

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27
Q

Explains why people “prefer simplicity, don’t like to wait, tend to generalize and make assumptions, don’t like to question their assumptions, tend to categorize others”

A

stereotyping

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28
Q

Material culture is

A

physical objects

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29
Q

This is concerned with the limits that a culture imposes on its members and their behavior.

A

Normative Culture

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30
Q

These are the customary ways people do things or the acceptable and approved ways that normal people behave.

A

folkways

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31
Q

This refers to the way human activity is organized on a normal, consistent basis.

A

social structure

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32
Q

This kind of group includes a small number of people who regularly associate with one another in an intimate, face-to-face, cooperative manner.

A

Primary group

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33
Q

An aggregate group would include

A

concert crowd

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34
Q

Social status refers to the social position a person has in a group or in society. Social status is closely related to a person’s

A

prestige and power

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35
Q

Queen Elizabeth, Paris Hilton, and Baron Trump all have

A

Ascribed Status

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36
Q

We have many titles. For example, a woman might be a student, wife, mother, and employee. Each of these roles together make up her

A

social identity

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37
Q

Which of the following groups would be considered a bureaucracy?

A

corporation

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38
Q

Which major founder of Sociology wrote extensively about the characteristics of bureaucracies and its division of labor and centralized authority?

A

Max Weber

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39
Q

The primary principles of McDonaldization are

A

efficiency, high quality, predictability, control over customers and employees

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40
Q

Deindividuation is a loss of a sense of one’s identity in group conditions.

A

True

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41
Q

Deviant behavior is behavior that rises to the point that people in society will not tolerate it because it threatens held values or disrupts social order.

A

True

42
Q

Which perspective on deviance places special emphasis upon the response of society to deviant behavior?

A

reactivist perspective

43
Q

Thomas was laid off from his job last month. His felony record makes it very hard for him to find a new job as most people fear hiring an ex-con. He has full custody now of his two children and worries about being able to meet their needs. He enters the grocery store to buy a few items, but does not have enough money on hand to pay for everything. He feels the pressure to slip a couple of items into his jacket. After all, it is for his kids. Thomas situation aligns with

A

strain theories

44
Q

Postitive sanctions

A

increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again

45
Q

The belief that luck controls both the good and bad aspects of one’s life.

A

Fate

46
Q

Deviance is learned through association with primary groups who promote deviant behaviors and rationalize their use. According to Edwin Sutherland, association with primary groups is dependent upon certain factors. What are they?

A

Frequency, Duration, Intensity, Priority

47
Q

Those who exhibit deviant behavior must rationalize that behavior in their minds in order to be able to act in deviant ways. One way they do this is blaming deviance on forces beyond their control. This is known as:

A

Billiard Ball

48
Q

Criminal laws deal with behaviors that bring harm to both victims and the larger society. These laws deal with physical violence, infringement on property rights, and crimes against health, morals, and public safety.

A

True

49
Q

Asian Americans tend not to commit crimes due to

A

both answers are true

50
Q

Correctional institutions in society serve multiple purposes. According to your textbook, what are they?

A

protection, retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation

51
Q

There are two schools of thought concerning the development of social stratification. (Hint: these are also theories) What are they?

A

Functionalism and conflict theory

52
Q

Structural Functionalists believe that social stratification is both necessary and inevitable.

A

True

53
Q

Conflict theorists believe that everyone’s talents are rewarded through a system of equal opportunity to advantages for everyone in society.

A

False

54
Q

Social Class is largely determined by two things. These are:

A

Income and education

55
Q

Sociologists consider this to be the factor that provides the most important clue to a person’s social class. What is it?

A

Education

56
Q

Statistics show that life expectancy is lowest and infant death rates the highest among which class group?

A

Low class

57
Q

Which Sociologist stressed the “Protestant Work Ethic” that was synonymous with the attitudes and values needed for the growth of capitalism and the modern society?

A

Max Weber

58
Q

The growth of private property, the rise of cities, and economic freedoms contributed to what?

A

The economic dominance of the West

59
Q

To change jobs to a different position that pays about the same in salary and holds the same social status would be what kind of mobility?

A

horizontal

60
Q

Statistics show that generally upper-class persons tend to belong to religious groups that are more formal in their worship styles

A

True

61
Q

Race refers to a population sharing genetically or biologically inherited characteristics.

A

True

62
Q

The “one drop” rule applies to what?

A

any single black ancestor legally constituted a person as being black.

63
Q

There are greater genetic differences between any two white individuals than there are between a population of black and a population of whites.

A

True

64
Q

Sociologists say that any real racial differences derive from two things. What are they?

A

historical and cultural factors

65
Q

Ethnic groups are

A

groups that share certain cultural differences which set them apart

66
Q

From a sociological perspective, the concept of “minority” has less to do with the amount of people in the group than the amount of power they possess.

A

True

67
Q

Explain the concept of double jeopardy within Sociology.

A

It is the blending of two subordinate statuses in one person.

68
Q

Which minority group in America has been labeled as a “model minority” group?

A

Asian Americans

69
Q

The US is considered a society based on meritocracy. What does this mean?

A

The idea that success in life is a function of a person’s merit alone.

70
Q

Which definition applies to the concept of ethnic adaptation?

A

Refers to the ways in which members of a subordinate group in society respond to their circumstances when confronted with discrimination.

71
Q

Polygyny is different from polyandry in that

A

it is allowable for a man to marry more than one woman at a time.

72
Q

In the Bible account of Ruth, Boaz was her kinsman redeemer. For someone to have kinship it refers to familial ties established through

A

both marriage and lines of decent

73
Q

According to the Functionalist perspective, all cultures regulate sexual behavior and reproduction within specific boundaries.

A

True

74
Q

Which type of theorist would be interested in studying family dynamics where some members benefit more from a family arrangement or dynamic than others?

A

Conflict Theorist

75
Q

Which is the largest minority group in America (18%), as of 2015?

A

Hispanic Americans

76
Q

Which country was the first to recognize same-sex marriages (in 1989)?

A

Denmark

77
Q

Americans are now marrying later in life than ever before in history.

A

True

78
Q

Studies on co-habitation show that

A

it has a higher rate of dissatisfaction in subsequent marriages

79
Q

The greatest predictor of divorce is habitual conflict avoidance.

A

True

80
Q

Which of the following statements are true?
1. Previously married adults show less interest in marriage than never married adults.
2. Most Americans still believe it is important for couples to marry.
3. The average length of marriage is about 20 years.

A

1 and 2 are true

81
Q

Status is either ascribed or achieved. Sex is an ___________ status.

A

ascribed

82
Q

In most cases a person’s sex corresponds to his or her sexual identity. Occaisionally, persons cross identify. If the person does not change their bodies to match their identity, Sociologists call them

A

transgendered

83
Q

If a person is androgynous they exhibit

A

both culturally masculine and feminine tendencies and behaviors

84
Q

When on gender is perceived as inferior to the other and experiences discrimination as a result.

A

Gender stratification

85
Q

The sociological perspective that views society as a system divided into unequal groups that constantly perpetuate inequality among genders is

A

Conflict Theory

86
Q

According to the Tweedell textbook, gender socialization, for most people, comes through interactions with

A

family, school, peers, media, religion

87
Q

Sexism is the belief that one sex group is innately inferior to the other and therefore must allow the other to dominate it.

A

False

88
Q

Child play studies show girls to be more cooperative while boys are more competitive. This is a demonstration of the Gender Socialization Process.

A

True

89
Q

Sexual identity develops before racial or social class identity.

A

True

90
Q

A person is _________ when they identify neither as a male nor female, but some combination of the two.

A

non-binary

91
Q

The study between age and social life is known as

A

gerontology

92
Q

Children 6-8 are expected to enjoy pretend play with their friends. Young adults are expected to be planning for a future career or family. Older adults are expected to retire and become less active. These are all considered

A

age norms

93
Q

A birth cohort refers to

A

all of the people born during a similar period of time, usually a 10-year period.

94
Q

The US Census Bureau predicts that by 2034, people 65 or older will outnumber children under 18 for the first time in history.

A

True

95
Q

Increased activity in older adults leads to a greater life satisfaction is a conflict theorist perspective.

A

False

96
Q

Advanced aging is associated with the presence of chronic illness and institutionalization. What kind of link is this?

A

correlational

97
Q

Aging adults must learn to deal with significant life events; one of the most stressful being the loss of a spouse. This loss can lead to a health decline in the surviving spouse, but many recover and go on to have other positive social interactions. The Tweedell text claims two things that can help an older person adjust to the loss of their spouse. These are

A

positive reframing and help from God

98
Q

According to the textbook, the acronym IADL means

A

instrumental activities of daily living

99
Q

Social disengagement theory states that older adults naturally disengage from society and is a natural part of the aging process.

A

True

100
Q

Modernization in society has led to a/an ____________ in/of overall life expectancy.

A

increase

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