spatial cognition

Question 1

Parietal cortex

Answer 1

has key components of spatial processing

subdivisions
anterior lobe
posterior parietal cortex

Question 2

anterior parietal lobe

Answer 2

somatosensory representations (not considered part of the dorsal stream proper)

Question 3

posterior parietal cortex (PPC)

Answer 3

multisensory and crucial in many aspects of spatial cognition

Question 4

intraparietal sulcus

Answer 4

separates the superior and inferior parietal lobules

Question 5

middle temporal and medial temporal areas

Answer 5

contribut to motion

Question 6

where does the dorsal stream receive visual info from

Answer 6

primary visual cortex and somatosensory cortex and vestibular system (info about position of the body in space)

Question 7

central sulcus

Answer 7

separates parietal and frontal lobe

Question 8

parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 8

seperates parietal and occipital lobes

Question 9

what are the three pathways of the dorsal stream

Answer 9

1. connects the parietal cortex with prefrontal cortex
2. connects the parietal cortex with premotor cortex
3. connects the parietal cortex with medial temporal cortex (includes hippocampus and parahippcampal cortex

Question 10

function of the connection between the parietal cortex with prefrontal cortex

Answer 10

supports spatial working memory

Question 11

function of the connection between the parietal cortex with premotor cortex

Answer 11

supports visually guided actions such as reaching and grasping

Question 12

function of the connection between the parietal cortex with medial temporal cortex

Answer 12

supports spatial navigation ie/ wayfinding

Question 13

cells of the dorsal stream

Answer 13

responsive to attributes of visual info that are useful for processing spatial relations

these cells do not play a large role in object recognition as they are not sensitive to form, colour, and items positions in central vision (where acuity is the highest)

Question 14

coding for the three dimensions of space

Answer 14

the brain is able to code for the vertical, horizontal and depth dimensions

the retinal images that the brain receives are 2D and the depth dimension must be computed in the cortex

Question 15

distinguishing left and right

Answer 15

cortex of left parietal lobe may be involved

Question 16

binocular disparity

Answer 16

how depth is determined

not provided directly by retinotopic map

used via comparing images from both eyes

cells in the primary visual cortex are sensitive to different amounts of binocular disparity, and provide important info about depth for use by the dorsal stream regions

Question 17

motion parallax

Answer 17

refers to the fact that as you move through an environment near objects and displaced more on your retina than objects that are far away

ie/ car moving and building behind not so much

monocular depth cue - input only perceived by one eye

Question 18

egocentric reference frames

Answer 18

specify an object’s location in relation to some aspect of the self (body, head, eye, etc.)

neglect associated with right parietal lobe damage

Question 19

allocentric reference frame

Answer 19

specify an object’s location in relation to other objects, independent of one’s own location

Question 20

object centered neglect associated with

Answer 20

right hemisphere middle and inferior lobe damage

Question 21

akinetopsia

Answer 21

selective deficits in motion perception

Question 22

area MT (V5)

Answer 22

important for perceiving motion

Question 23

MST

Answer 23

involved for coding for more complex motion like optic flow

Question 24

optic flow

Answer 24

the pattern of movement of images on your retina as you actively move through an environment

depends on your speed and direction as well as the spatial relationship of each scene element in relation to the body

understanding that when you are moving towards smt it is getting closer

Question 25

sources that provide the visual system with info about eye movements

Answer 25

motor regions of the brain are planning to move the eyes (sends a corollary discharge) sensory receptors within the eye muscles provide ongoing feedback about changes in the position of the eye. ie/ i know my eyes are moving, so the object might not be

Question 26

optic ataxia

Answer 26

a disorder of visually guided reaching result of parietal lobe damage usually the most pronounced in the peripheral region rather than the central visual field deficit is most profound for real-time integration of vision and motion may result from an inability to integrate cues involving eye-gaze directions (perception) and reaching direction (action)

Question 27

sensory-motor integration within subregions of the parietal cortex

Answer 27

cells in the lateral intraparietal cortex code the location of the stimulus first and then shift to the location of the planned movement

Question 28

lateral intraparietal region

Answer 28

coding of space for intended eye movements

Question 29

parietal reach region

Answer 29

disrupting activity here produces symptoms similar to optic ataxia

Question 30

route based strategy for spatial navigation

Answer 30

the person's understanding is represented as a sequence of steps, often specified in terms or particular landmarks

Question 31

map based strategy for spatial navigation

Answer 31

involves having an allocentric understanding od how all the different parts of the landscape relate to one another

Question 32

egocentric disorientation

Answer 32

involves the inability to represent the location of object in relationship to the self patients with difficulties with navigation because they are unable to represent spatial relations

Question 33

landmark agnosia

Answer 33

patients lose the ability to recognize certain landmarks that are usually used for navigation (route-based navigation becomes difficult) if you can't tell what smt is, how do you know if yu got there deficits typically occur following damage to the ventral stream

Question 34

parahippocampal place area

Answer 34

codes for landmarks relative to navigation

Question 35

retrosplenial complex

Answer 35

determines a person's location within a familiar spatial environment location no matter where you are facing

Question 36

medial temporal lobe

Answer 36

contains a map-like allocentric representation of familiar environements

Question 37

anterograde disorientation

Answer 37

trouble constructing new environmental representions, but can still navigate previously learned environments associated with PPA damage

Question 38

heading disorientation

Answer 38

trouble understanding one's own orientation (heading), butn can recognize landmarks and understand relations between locations in space associated with RSC damage