Spatial Population Structure

Question 1

Scaling

Answer 1

The spatial extent of ecological processes and the spatial interpretation of the data. Response of an organism to the environment is particular to a specific scale

Question 2

Spatial distribution of populations is limited by

Answer 2

niche to ecologically suitable. measured as the n-dimensional hypervolume of environmental conditions in which a population has positive growth (The range of habitats where population perform well)

Question 3

Competitive Exclusion

Answer 3

Species with the same niche cannot coexist indefinitely.

Question 4

Fundamental Niche

Answer 4

Range of abiotic factors in which a species can exist

Question 5

Realized Niche

Answer 5

Range biotic and abiotic factors in which a species can exist

Question 6

A measure of the total area covered by a species reflects its

Answer 6

realized niche

Question 7

A realized niche is limited by

Answer 7

abiotic conditions, habitat availability, species interaction (competition, natural enemies)

Question 8

Suitable climate conditions for species known as

Answer 8

climatic envelope

Question 9

Habitat availability

Answer 9

Some areas wont be occupied

Question 10

Abundance

Answer 10

Total number of individuals in a population that exist in a defined area

Question 11

Population Density

Answer 11

The number of individuals per unit area or volume. Typically higher near center of geographic range

Question 12

Census

Answer 12

Count all (only small populations)

Question 13

Area/Volume-Based Surveys

Answer 13

Sample and extrapolate ~density

Question 14

Capture-mark recapture (CMR

Answer 14

-The estimate abundance (N)
-Capture and mark a number of animals (=M) from the study population
-Release back into population
N=n (total individuals captured second sample) times M (initially captured individuals) /x (marked recaptured individuals)

Question 15

Surveying

Answer 15

Quadrets/line transects

-calculate mean density across quadrats/lines
-unbiased placement
-more quadrats/lines=more precision

Question 16

Assumptions of CMP

Answer 16

-Animal marking are not lost, marked and unmarked -Animals are equally likely to be caught. They mix thoroughly between the samples
-No change in population size across sampling periods (no deaths, births, emigration, or immigration)
-Sometimes, natural markings can be used

Question 17

Clustered species

Answer 17

> 1 Clustered resources. Social behavior. Limited dispersal

Question 18

Evenly spaced species. Uniform, regular.

Answer 18

<1 Depleted resources. Aggressive social interactions. Competition, territioriality

Question 19

Random

Answer 19

~1
-Expected without any deterministic processes
-Not common in nature
-A null model for the dispersion of organisms
-position of each organism is independent of others

Question 20

Dispersal

Answer 20

Movement of individuals from one area to another not related to back and forth migrations. Can lead to colonization of new areas. Dispersal limitation can constrain geographic ranges.

Question 21

Endemic

Answer 21

Found there and only there. The double coconut is endemic to Seychelles. Dandelions found on all continents except for antarctica (not endemic)

Question 22

Population Structure

Answer 22

Subdivision of organisms into subpopulations living in suitable patches of habitat surrounded by matrix

Question 23

Matrix

Answer 23

Unsuitable habitat

Question 24

Metapopulation

Answer 24

Set of populations or sub populations of a species, linked by dispersal.

Question 25

Basic Metapopulation Model

Answer 25

Suitable habitat patches (equal quality) embedded within a matrix of unsuitable habitat. Proportion of patches occupied reflects colonization and extinction rates

Question 26

Sources

Answer 26

High quality habitat and positive population growth without emigration. Self sustaining and provides dispersers.

Question 27

Sinks

Answer 27

Poor quality habitat and negative population growth without immigration. Rely on dispersers

Question 28

Landscape Model

Answer 28

Incorporates variation in matrix quality and habitat conductivity. More realistic

Question 29

Ideal Free Distribution

Answer 29

Individuals distribute among different habitats so that they have the same per capita benefit in proportion to resources