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SBCM > SPECIAL SENSES PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

SPECIAL SENSES PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Collects soundwaves

A

Pinna (auricle)

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2
Q

Conduction of soundwaves to the tympanic membrane, it contains ceruminous glands that produces cerumen, hair follices, sebaceous glands. Outer 1/3 is cartilage, inner 2/3 boney

A

External Acoustic Meatus

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3
Q

it separates EAC and middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane

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4
Q

These bones in the middle ear are articulated by synovial joints

A

Auditory ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes

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5
Q

Producing the umbo of tympanic membrane

A

Malleus

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6
Q

Dampens down vibrations of stapes

A

Stapedius

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7
Q

Dampens down vibrations of tympanic membrane

A

Tensor tympani

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8
Q

Consists of 3 semi circular canals and cochlea

A

Bony labyrinth

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9
Q

Filled with endolymph, inside bony labyrinth

A

Membranous labyrinth

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10
Q

35 mm long and makes 2 1/2 to 2 3/4 runs around modiolus

A

Cochlea

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11
Q

High frequency sound travels ____ distance along the basilar membrane before it reaches its resonant point and dies

A

Short.

High frequence travels short distance
Low frequency travels throughout
Medium travels halfway

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12
Q

Bending of the hairs in one direction (depolarize/hyperpolarize) hair cells?

A

Depolarize

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13
Q

Bending of the hairs in opposite direction (depolarize/hyperpolarize) hair cells?

A

Hyperpolarize

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14
Q

For equalizing the air inside the ear

A

Eustachian tube

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15
Q

What is the fluid inside the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

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16
Q

Important for equilibrium/balance in terms of moving the head/
eyes

A

Bony labyrinth: semi-circular canal

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17
Q

communication of scala vestibule and tympani at the

apex of the cochlea

A

Helicotrema

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18
Q

representative of music

a. ) irregular wave form
b. ) normal frequency, increased aplitude
c. ) complex irregular waveform

A

A

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19
Q

Increases the force of sound waves, does not increase rate or distance of soundwaves

A

Impedance matching

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20
Q

To protect the cochlea from damaging vibrations caused by excessively loud sound, it mask low-frequency sounds in loud environment, decrease a person’s hearing sensitivity to his or her own speech

A

Attenuation reflex

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21
Q

Outer hair cells control the sensitivity of the inner hair cells at different sound pitches. This phenomenon is called

A

Tuning of the receptor system

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22
Q

How many percent of the auditory nerve fibers are stimulated by the inner cells

A

90%

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23
Q

major method used by the NS to detect different sound frequencies by determining the positions along the basilar membrane that are most stimulated

A

Place principle

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Low frequency sounds cause maximal activation of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea

A

TRUE

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25
Q

Groups of impulses generate AP

A

Volley principle. Different sound waves would cause volleys of impulses,
meaning 1 sound wave, 1 impulse, another sound wave,
another impulse. That is a continuous volley of sound
waves and the continuous production of your action
potentials for you to be able to perceive sound.

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26
Q

Stereocilia bends toward kinocilum

A

Depolarization

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27
Q

Stereocilia bends away from kinocilum

A

Hyperpolarization

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28
Q

blockage on your external
auditory meatus wherein soundwaves are not
able to enter your ear

A

Conduction deafness

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29
Q

More on nerve damage
o most commonly the result of loss of cochlear
hair cells
o can also be due to problems with the eighth
cranial nerve or within central auditory
pathways

A

Sensorineural deafness

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30
Q

Detects time lag between acoustic signals
entering the 2 ears
o Functions best at frequencies below 3000
cycles/sec

A

Medial superior olivary nucleus

31
Q

Detection of sound direction by comparing
the difference of intensities of the sound
o Functions best at higher frequencies because
the head is a greater sound barrier at these
frequencies

A

Lateral superior olivary nucleus

32
Q

Its shape changes the quality of sound
entering the ear, depending on the direction
from which the sound comes by emphasizing specific sound frequencies from different
directions

A

Pinnae

33
Q

Abnormal fluid and ion homeostasis in the inner ear, endolymphatic hydrops

A

Meniere

34
Q

Corrects the orientation of the body when it is taken out of its normal upright position. Involves the body sensing linear acceleration through otoliths and angular acceleration through semicircular canals

A

Labyrinthe righting reflex

35
Q

movement of the eyes while the head turns to remain fixated on a stationary image

A

Vestibulo ocular reflex

36
Q

Vestibular receptors, visual cues, proprioceptors and cutaneous exteroceptors are cues for

A

Spatial orientation

37
Q

Which olfactory pathway, concerned with basic
behavior such as licking the lips, salivation, and
other feeding responses caused by the
smell of food or by primitive emotional
drives associated with smell

A

Very Old Olfactory Pathway

o Aka MEDIAL OLFACTORY AREA

38
Q

Which olfactory pathway relays signals to almost all portions of the limbic system, automatic but partially learned control of
food intake and aversion to toxic and unhealthy
foods

A

Less Old Olfactory Pathway

o aka LATERAL OLFACTORY AREA

39
Q

Which olfactory pathway passing to the dorsomedial thalamic
nucleus and then to the lateroposterior quadrant
of the orbitofrontale cortex
o Helps in the conscious analysis of odor

A

Newer Olfactory Pathway

40
Q

Certain odor/scent concerned with reproduction

and ingestive behavior

A

Pheromones

41
Q

an action that includes contraction of the lower part
of the nares on the septum, deflecting the airstream upward, increases amount of air reaching the olfactory
epithelium

A

Sniffing

42
Q

Easily identified because we are

very sensitive to it.

A

Methyl mercaptan

43
Q

characteristic of substances with strong odors

A

high water and lipid solubility are

44
Q

this is why we don’t smell our own perfume?

A

The olfactory receptors adapt about 50 percent in
the first second or so after stimulation (then slowly
thereafter)
▪ Due to the fairly rapid adaptation, or
desensitization, that occurs in the olfactory system
▪ mediated by Ca2+ acting via calmodulin on cyclic
nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels- this is why
we don’t smell our own perfume → we get
desensitized

45
Q

Smell of the following diseases: DM, small pox, plague

A

Sweet smell

46
Q

Steps in Excitation of Olfactory Cells

A

• Odorant molecules diffuse into the mucus and bind to receptor proteins that are linked to a cytoplasmic G protein. On activation, the a-subunit of the G protein separates away and activates adenyl cyclase, which in turn leads to the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).

• Sodium channels are then opened by cAMP, allowing sodium ions to enter the cell. An action potential in the olfactory sensory fibers can occur when a critical threshold level of depolarization has
been achieved.

• Like the taste system, the intensity of olfactory stimulation is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus strength. The receptors adapt to extinction within a minute or two, which is a function of central mechanisms rather than adaptation of the olfactory receptors itself.

47
Q

TRANSMISSION OF SMELL SIGNALS INTO THE

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

• The olfactory bulb lies over the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone that separates the cranial and nasal cavities. The olfactory nerves pass through perforations in the cribriform plate and enter the olfactory bulb, where bulb is a tangled knot of mitral and tufted cell dendrites and olfactory nerve fibers. Mitral and tufted cell axons specialized regions of the
cortex without first passing through the thalamus.
• The medial olfactory area is represented by the septal nuclei; which project the hypothalamus and other regions that control behavior. This system is thought to be involved in primitive functions such as licking,
salivation, and other feeding behaviors. The lateral olfactory area is composed of the prepiriform piriform, and cortical amygdaloid regions. From here, signals are directed to less primitive limbic structures, such as the hippocampus, which apparently is the system that associates certain odors with specific behavioral responses.
• Fibers that originate in the brain course centrifugally to reach granule cells in the olfactory bulb. The latter cells inhibit mitral and tufted neurons of the bulb, which sharpens the ability to distinguish different odors.

48
Q

Which papillae has no taste bud and keratinized?

A

Filiform papillae

49
Q

Von ebner’s gland is found at which papillae?

A

Circumvallate papillae.

Von ebner’s glands secrete lipase that probably prevents the formation of a hydrophobic layer over the taste
buds

50
Q

a combination of taste and smell and other sensory inputs, but mainly smell.a combination of taste and smell and other sensory inputs, but mainly smell. It is what drives appetite.

A

Flavor

51
Q

Which taste is a form of protective mechanism?

A

Bitter

52
Q

If sodium ion is for salty, glutamate for umami, alkaloids for bitter, Hydrogen ion for sour. What is tastant molecule for sweet?

A

Glucose (T1R2+T1R3)

53
Q

Gustatory center

A

Broadmann Area 43; opercular insular area

54
Q

First order neuron of anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

Cranial Nerve 7

55
Q

First order neuron of posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

Cranial Nerve 9

56
Q

A process of gradual and spontaneous change, resulting in
maturation through childhood, puberty, and young adulthood and
then decline through middle and late age

A

Aging

57
Q

The process by which the capacity for cell division, growth, and
function is lost over time, ultimately leading to an incompatibility
with life

A

Senescence

58
Q

Life expectancies of female and male Filipinos

A

73 and 69 respectively

59
Q

Fibroblasts will continue to divide until they are dense enough
and come in contact with one another (Contact Inhibition). When the telomeres become too short, the cell can no longer
divide.

A

Hayflick’s Limit or Phenomenon

60
Q

Entropy-producing agents slowly disrupt cellular macromolecular constituents. Free Radicals - modify macromolecules primarily through oxidation (oxidative damage)

A

Loose Cannon Theory

61
Q

Smaller mammals tend to have high metabolic rates and thus

tend to die at an earlier age than larger mammals.

A

Rate of Living Theory

62
Q

• A specific physiologic system–usually the neuroendocrine or
immune system–is particularly vulnerable (presumably to entropic processes) during senescence.

• Failure of the weak system accelerates dysfunction of the whole
organism.

A

Weak Link Theory

63
Q

Errors in DNA transcription or RNA translation eventually lead to
genetic errors that promote senescence.

A

Error Catastrophe Theory

64
Q

One of the oldest theories of aging and no longer has high
credibility

• Aging is under direct genetic control.
• It suggests that the rate of aging within each species has
developed for the good of each species.

A

Master Clock Theory

65
Q

Refers to a process by which deleterious effects are
minimized, preserving function until senescence makes
continued life impossible

A

Successful healthy aging

66
Q

When the body detect that the body is hot and is over
the optimum temperate that the body needs. It will
overheat and will compensate and release heat by:

A

Radiation(60%)
Evaporation (22%) – Sweat
Conduction to Air (15%)
Conduction to Object (3%)

67
Q

Hormone responsible to shivering?

A

Thyroxine

68
Q

Thermoregulation center

A

Anterior Hypothalamic-Preoptic Area

69
Q

Detected Temp < Set-Point

A

Initiate Heat Generating Mechanisms

Heat-Generating Mechanisms
– Shivering, Thyroid Hormone
production, decreased sweating,
piloerection, skin vasoconstriction
(alpha-1), brown fat in babies (beta-3)
70
Q

Detected Temp > Set-Point

Temperature

A

Initiate Heat Loss Mechanisms

Heat Loss Mechanisms
– Sweating, Skin Vasodilatation,
– Decreased Heat Production

71
Q

Shivering center

A

Dorsomedial portion of posterior

hypothalamus

72
Q 
Radiator System (when cold: blood
vessels constrict; when hot: blood vessels
dilate)
A

Skin

73
Q

These drugs acuse hyperthermia

A

Halothane and succinylcholine

74
Q

Physiology of fever

A

Pyrogens secreted by bacteria > increases 1L6, 1L1 increases prostaglandin > increases set-point temp in hypothalamus

SBCM (3 decks)

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