Specific virus summaries 3

Question 1

Picoranviruses

What are examples?

Answer 1

Enterovirus - including Polio

Rhinovirus

Hepatitis A

Question 2

Picoranviruses

How many types of polio virus are there?

Answer 2

3 types

Question 3

Picoranviruses

What is route of transmission?

Answer 3

faecal-oral

Question 4

Picoranviruses

What disease can polio cause?

Answer 4

Paralytic disease - only 1% of cases
Encephalitis
LRTI

Question 5

Picoranviruses

Which countries still report cases of endemic polio?

Answer 5

Afghanistan

Pakistan

Nigeria

Question 6

Picoranviruses

How many types of Rhinovirus are there?

Answer 6

A/ B/ C types

> 150 genotypes

Question 7

Picoranviruses

Non-polio enteroviruses

What are the most common types, and what disease do they cause?

Answer 7

Enterovirus 68 - paralytic disease, severe respiratory disease (outbreaks)

Enterovirus 70 - paralytic disease, haemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Enterovirus 71 - paralytic disease, encephalitis, Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Enterovirus disease is most common during summer

Question 8

Polyomaviruses

What are examples?

Answer 8

JC

BK

SV40 - macaque virus contaminated polio vaccines in the 50s. Linked to human cancers, not proven

Question 9

Polyomaviruses

What disease do they cause?

Answer 9

JC - PML

BK - haemorrhagic cystitis

Question 10

Polyomaviruses

How are they spread?

Answer 10

Acquired early in life - every person has been affected

Likely respiratory route

Spreads to kidneys by viaramiea

Establishes latent infection in various organs - kidney/ brain

Question 11

Poxviruses

What are examples?

Orthopox

Parapox

Answer 11

Orthopox -
Cowpox
Mpox
Molluscum contagiosum
Vaccinia
Variola - smallpox

Parapox -
Orf

Question 12

Poxviruses

What disease do they cause?

Cowpox

Mpox

Molluscum contagiosum

Vaccinia

Variola - smallpox

Answer 12

Cowpox - localised lesion

Mpox - generalised spread, usually genitals

Molluscum contagiosum - disseminated skin lesions

Vaccinia - encephalitis and vaccinia necrosum as complication of vaccination

Variola - smallpox

Question 13

Poxviruses

How are they transmitted?

Answer 13

Most viruses - direct contact with lesions/ fomties

Smallpox - respiratory contacts or fomites

Question 14

Poxviruses

What is route of pathogenesis once infects humans?

Answer 14

respiratory/ mucosal contact

lymph node spread

viraemia spread to other organs including the skin - formation of lesions

Question 15

Reoviruses

What are examples?

Answer 15

Rotavirus

vaccine available

Question 16

Retroviruses

What are types of HTLV, and what disease do they cause?

Answer 16

HTLV1 - Tcell leukaemia, tropical spastic paraparesis

HTLV2 - Hairy-cell leukaemia

Question 17

Retroviruses

How are they transmitted?

Answer 17

transfusions

needle sharing

sexual exposure

vertical

Question 18

Retroviruses

HTLV - which countries have high prevalence of disease?

Answer 18

Japan

Carribbean

Sub-saharan Africa

Question 19

Retroviruses

HTLV

What is the pathogenesis?

Answer 19

Infects T-cells

Can remain latent, or slowly reproduce

Long latency (30 years) before onset of leukaemia

Question 20

Togaviruses

What are examples?

Answer 20

Alphaviruses -
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Eastern equine encephalitis
Western equine encephalitis
Chikungunya

Rubivirus -
Rubella

Question 21

Togaviruses

How are alphaviruses transmitted?

Answer 21

Venezuelan equine encephalitis - Aedes/ Culex/ Culiseta
Eastern equine encephalitis - Aedes/ Culex/ Culiseta
Western equine encephalitis - Aedes/ Culex/ Culiseta

Chikungunya - Aedes