Spinal Localization

Question 1

What is the vertebral anatomy of dogs and cats?

Answer 1

7C, 13T, 7L, 3S

Question 2

Which vertebrae are fused in dogs and cats?

Answer 2

Sacral vertebrae

Question 3

What are spinal cord nerve segments named by?

Answer 3

According to where the spinal nerve exits, not where the neurons live

Question 4

How many cervical spinal cord segments and nerves are there?

Answer 4

8 (vs only 7 vertebrae)

Question 5

Does the spinal cord or vertebrae end first?

Answer 5

Spinal cord

Question 6

Spinal cord segments are located _____to the vertebrae of the same name

Answer 6

Cranial

Question 7

Axons in the white matter

Answer 7

Upper motor neurons

Question 8

Peripheral nerves to muscle

Answer 8

Lower motor neurons

Question 9

Loss of proprioception and voluntary movements are assoc. w/disease in which motor neuron segment?

Answer 9

Upper

Question 10

How does an UMN disease affect the LMN system?

Answer 10

Loss of “descending inhibition” = hypertonia/hyperreflexia

Question 11

Proprioceptive deficits, no voluntary motor control, hypotonia and hyporeflexia are assoc. w/disease in which motor neuron segment?

Answer 11

Lower

Question 12

Which spinal cord segment has white matter tracts to all 4 limbs?

Answer 12

C1-C5

Question 13

Which spinal cord segment contains the cervical intumescence and has white matter tracts to the back limbs?

Answer 13

C6-T2

Question 14

Which spinal cord segment has white matter tracts to the back limbs only?

Answer 14

T3-L3

Question 15

Which spinal cord segment contains the lumbar intumescence?

Answer 15

L4-S1

Question 16

What are intumescences?

Answer 16

Location where LMN cell bodies to a limb live

Question 17

Proprioceptive deficits, paresis/paralysis in all limbs and increased reflexes and tone in all limbs is assoc. w/a lesion in which region?

Answer 17

C1-C5

Question 18

CP deficits, paresis/paralysis, decr. reflexes and tone to front limbs but increased reflexes and tone in hind limbs are assoc. w/a lesion in which region?

Answer 18

C6-T2

Question 19

Where is LMN for the sympathetic input to the eye located?

Answer 19

C8-T12 (in the cervical intumescence)

Question 20

What are clinical signs of Horner’s syndrome?

Answer 20

Miosis, ptosis, enophthalmus, 3rd eyelid prolapse

Question 21

If you have a lesion in C8-T12, which side will the Horner’s syndrome eye be on?

Answer 21

Ipsilateral sign

Question 22

Normal front legs but CP deficits, paresis/paralysis, and incr. reflexes and tone in back legs are assoc. w/a lesion in which region?

Answer 22

T3-L3

Question 23

Normal front legs but CP deficits, paresis/paralysis, and decr. reflexes and tone in back legs are assoc. w/a lesion in which region?

Answer 23

L4-S1

Question 24

Which system of bladder innervation is clinically the most important?

Answer 24

Somatic system

Question 25

Where is the LMN portion of somatic control to the bladder?

Answer 25

S1-S3

Question 26

What part of the bladder does the somatic LMN control?

Answer 26

External urethral sphincter (voluntary control)

Question 27

How is the external urethral sphincter affected by UMN disease?

Answer 27

Spastic, bladder is full and difficult to express

Question 28

How is the external urethral sphincter affected by LMN disease?

Answer 28

Flaccid, bladder does not completely fill b/c urine dribbles out, easy to express

Question 29

Where are anal sphincter LMNs located?

Answer 29

S1-S3

Question 30

How will LMN disease affect anal sphincter tone?

Answer 30

Decreased tone

Question 31

How will UMN disease affect anal sphincter tone?

Answer 31

Spasticity/increased (usually not recognized)

Question 32

Hyperreflexia of spinal reflexes and increased muscle tone are assoc. w/which type of lesion?

Answer 32

UMN

Question 33

Decreased/absent spinal reflexes and decreased muscle tone are assoc. w/which type of lesion?

Answer 33

LMN

Question 34

If all 4 limbs show UMN signs, where is the lesion?

Answer 34

C1-C5

Question 35

LMN signs to thoracic limbs and UMN signs to hind limbs, where is the lesion?

Answer 35

C6-T2

Question 36

UMN to hind limbs w/normal thoracic limbs, where is the lesion?

Answer 36

T3-L3

Question 37

LMN signs in pelvic limbs, anus, and bladder w/normal thoracic limbs, where is the lesion?

Answer 37

L4-S4

Question 38

Dribbling urine, dropping feces, where is the lesion?

Answer 38

L4-S4

Question 39

If an animal hasn't had deep pain sensation for 24h, what is the prognosis?

Answer 39

Poor

Question 40

Which nerve provides sympathetic innervation to the bladder?

Answer 40

Hypogastric